Deuyerated tryptamine derivative formulations and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is directed to pharmaceutical compositions and to the use of such formulations in the treatment of diseases associated with a serotonin 5-HT 2  receptor.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/IB2021/054340, filed on May 19, 2021, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/026,939, filed on May 19, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/114,738, filed on Nov. 17, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/157,118, filed on Mar. 5, 2021, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to pharmaceutical compositions and, in some embodiments, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor agonists and uses in the treatment of diseases associated with a 5-HT₂ receptor.

BACKGROUND

There are three, closely related subtypes of serotonin 5-HT₂ receptors (5-HT₂Rs), 5-HT_(2A), 5-HT_(2B), and 5-HT_(2C), and they are primary targets of classic serotonergic psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB). They share approximately 60% transmembrane amino acid homology, which poses a challenge to design molecules with selectivity for one subtype over the others. Each subtype is expressed in a unique pattern in mammals (both in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system), and when stimulated, produces unique biochemical, physiological, and behavioral effects. Activation of 5-HT_(2A)Rs, for example, predominantly mediates psychedelic effects and elicits anti-inflammatory effects, whereas activation of 5-HT_(2C)Rs reduces feeding behavior. Chronic activation of 5-HT_(2B)Rs, however, has been linked to valvular heart disease (VHD), a life-threatening adverse event (AE). Furthermore, there are concerns that patients who could benefit from a 5-HT_(2A)R pharmacotherapy could be resistant to experiencing psychedelic effects

Tryptamines are a class of serotonergic psychedelics, and possess very high potencies at serotonin 5-HT₂Rs (in some cases sub-nanomolar affinities). Certain tryptamines are distinguished from classic psychedelics and other serotonergic psychedelics by possessing selectivity—in some cases 100-fold—for 5-HT_(2A)Rs over 5-HT_(2B)Rs and 5-HT_(2C)Rs.

AEs caused by tryptamines and other serotonergic psychedelics are associated with ingestion of relatively high doses. Likely owing to their very high potency at 5-HT_(2A)Rs and 5-HT_(2C)Rs, the active oral doses of tryptamines are extremely low. For example, 2C-C-NBOMe (2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethan-1-amine) is orally active at doses as low 25 μg, and very strong psychedelic doses are in the range of 500-700 μg. Thus, misuse or abuse, at or exceeding these doses, can cause visual and auditory hallucinations, agitation, aggressiveness, psychosis, and poisoning has been associated with toxicity (e.g., rhabdomyolysis) and fatalities. Furthermore, tryptamines can undergo extensive first-pass metabolism, rendering them orally inactive.

There is a need for serotonin 5-HT_(2A)R agonists that overcome the 5-HT_(2B)R problem and the issue of psychedelic effects, as well as a need to improve their bioavailability and enhance their oral activity. There is a further need for efficient, more convenient, and controllable tryptamine formulations that afford no neurologically toxic (e.g., psychotomimetic toxic) plasma concentration. There is a further need for pharmaceutical compositions comprising such serotonin 5-HT_(2A)R agonists.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure is based at least in part on the identification of compounds that modulate serotonin 5-HT₂ receptors and methods of using the same to treat diseases associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor. More specifically, the present disclosure provides novel compounds that permit, for example, once-daily dosing to selectively engage 5-HT_(2A)Rs, in some cases, without producing psychedelic effects, and to treat neuropsychiatric and other disorders associated with inflammation.

Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the novel compounds described herein having selective deuteration, like in the exocyclic moiety, allow for significant slowing of enzymatic degradation with improved exposure (i.e., prevention of high drug concentrations (spiking) observed acutely after administration) and increased blood-to-brain ratio, resulting in enhanced bioavailability, including oral bioavailability. Some compounds described herein confer similar benefits by selective deuteration of the phenyl ring.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, X₁ and X₂ are deuterium.

For some embodiments, Y₁ and Y₂ are hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl and R₂, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, Rs and R₉ are not both -CD₃, and R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is hydrogen.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, the compound of formula (III) is a compound according to Formula (III-a), Formula (III-b), Formula (III-c), Formula (III-d), Formula (III-e), Formula (III-f), Formula (III-g), Formula (III-h), Formula (III-i), Formula (III-j), Formula (III-k), Formula (III-l), Formula (III-m), Formula (III-n), Formula (III-o), Formula (III-p), Formula (III-q), Formula (III-r), Formula (III-s), Formula (III-t), Formula (III-u), or Formula (III-v), described below.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-a) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl and R₂, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃, and R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-b) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-c) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-d) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₂, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-e) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-f) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-g) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-h) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-i) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-j) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-k) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl,

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl and R₂, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃, and R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-l) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-m) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-n) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₂, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R₉ is deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-o) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-p) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-q) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-r) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen,

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-s) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-t) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-u) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-v) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, the compound is:

For some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

For some embodiments, the compound is an agonist of a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.

For some embodiments, the compound can be agonists of a serotonin 5-HT_(2A) receptor.

Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a subject with a disease or disorder comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein.

Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a subject with a disease or disorder comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein.

Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a subject with a disease or disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may include central nervous system (CNS) disorders, for example, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), bipolar and related disorders (including but not limited to bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders (including but not limited to alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder), anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, and obesity. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is alcohol use disorder. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may include conditions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may include pulmonary disorders (e.g., asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may include cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis).

Also disclosed is a method of treating a subject with alcohol use disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the following structure:

Also disclosed herein is a single-layer orally administered tablet composition comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a polymer. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

In some embodiments, the composition is adapted for maximum sustained release.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a combination of (i) a water-insoluble neutrally charged non-ionic matrix; (ii) a polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups; and (iii) a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the non-ionic matrix is selected from cellulose-based polymers, alone or enhanced by mixing with components such as starches; waxes; neutral gums; polymethacrylates; PVA; PVA/PVP blends; or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the cellulose-based polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

In some embodiments, the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups is polyacrylic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polymethacrylate carboxylates, cation-exchange resins, clays, zeolites, hyaluronic acid, anionic gums, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the anionic gum is a naturally occurring material, a semi-synthetic material, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the naturally occurring material is alginic acid, pectin, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum arabic, gum karaya, guar gum, gum tragacanth, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the semi-synthetic material is carboxymethyl-chitin, cellulose gum, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of pain.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of brain injury.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of depression.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in treating a disease or disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders including alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme Disease, and obesity, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is alcohol use disorder.

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes conditions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes pulmonary disorders including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis.

In some embodiments, the composition achieves a combined concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in plasma in the range of 10-500 (e.g., about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 or more ng/ml (or any range between about 10 and about 500 ng/ml, e.g., about 100 to about 300 ng/ml, about 250 to about 450 ng/ml, or about 50 to about 400 ng/ml), and maintains this concentration for duration of the release period.

In some embodiments, the polymer comprises one or more negatively charged groups.

Also disclosed herein is a tablet composition formulated for oral administration comprising: a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a polymer. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

In some embodiments, the polymer comprises one or more negatively charged groups.

In some embodiments, the polymer comprises one or more acid groups.

In some embodiments, the polymer comprises a water-insoluble neutrally charged non-ionic matrix.

In some embodiments, the non-ionic matrix is selected from cellulose-based polymers, alone or enhanced by mixing with components such as starches; waxes; neutral gums; polymethacrylates; PVA; PVA/PVP blends; or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the cellulose-based polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

Also described herein is a kit for the treatment of a subject comprising 1) a single-layer orally administered tablet composition as disclosed herein, and 2) instructions for use in the treatment of pain.

Also described herein is a kit for the treatment of a subject comprising 1) a single-layer orally administered tablet composition as disclosed herein, and 2) instructions for use in the treatment of brain injury.

Also described herein is a kit for the treatment of a subject comprising 1) a single-layer orally administered tablet composition as disclosed herein, and 2) instructions for use in the treatment of depression.

Also described herein is a kit for the treatment of a subject comprising 1) a single-layer orally administered tablet composition as disclosed herein, and 2) instructions for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.

Also described herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the formulations may be formulated for subcutaneous administration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description of the embodiments of the instant disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments. However, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the embodiments of this disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments of the instant disclosure.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

“Alkyl” refers to monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and such as 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms. This term includes, by way of example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH₃—), ethyl (CH₃CH₂—), n-propyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂—), isopropyl ((CH₃)₂CH—), n-butyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—), isobutyl ((CH₃)₂CHCH₂—), sec-butyl ((CH₃)(CH₃CH₂)CH—), t-butyl ((CH₃)₃C—), n-pentyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), and neopentyl ((CH₃)₃CCH₂—).

The term “substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group as defined herein wherein one or more carbon atoms in the alkyl chain have been optionally replaced with a heteroatom such as —O—, —N—, —S—, —S(O)_(n)— (where n is 0 to 2), —NR— (where R is hydrogen or alkyl) and having from 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, and —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein R′ and R″ may be the same or different and are chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic.

“Alkylene” refers to divalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 6, including, for example, 1 to 3 carbon atoms that are either straight-chained or branched, and which are optionally interrupted with one or more groups selected from —O—, —NR¹⁰—, —NR¹⁰C(O)—, —C(O)NR¹⁰— and the like. This term includes, by way of example, methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), n-propylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), iso-propylene (—CH₂CH(CH₃)—), (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂—), (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂C(O)—), (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂C(O)NH—), (—CH(CH₃)CH₂—), and the like.

“Substituted alkylene” refers to an alkylene group having from 1 to 3 hydrogens replaced with substituents as described for carbons in the definition of “substituted” below.

The term “alkane” refers to alkyl group and alkylene group, as defined herein.

The term “alkylaminoalkyl”, “alkylaminoalkenyl” and “alkylaminoalkynyl” refers to the groups R′NHR″— where R′ is alkyl group as defined herein and R″ is alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene group as defined herein.

The term “alkaryl” or “aralkyl” refers to the groups -alkylene-aryl and -substituted alkylene-aryl where alkylene, substituted alkylene and aryl are defined herein.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined herein. Alkoxy includes, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, and the like. The term “alkoxy” also refers to the groups alkenyl-O—, cycloalkyl-O—, cycloalkenyl-O—, and alkynyl-O—, where alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and alkynyl are as defined herein.

The term “substituted alkoxy” refers to the groups substituted alkyl-O—, substituted alkenyl-O—, substituted cycloalkyl-O—, substituted cycloalkenyl-O—, and substituted alkynyl-O— where substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl and substituted alkynyl are as defined herein.

The term “alkoxyamino” refers to the group —NH-alkoxy, wherein alkoxy is defined herein.

The term “haloalkoxy” refers to the groups alkyl-O— wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group have been substituted with a halo group and include, by way of examples, groups such as trifluoromethoxy, and the like.

The term “haloalkyl” refers to a substituted alkyl group as described above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group have been substituted with a halo group. Examples of such groups include, without limitation, fluoroalkyl groups, such as trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl and the like.

The term “alkylalkoxy” refers to the groups -alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylene-O-substituted alkyl, substituted alkylene-O-alkyl, and substituted alkylene-O-substituted alkyl wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkylene and substituted alkylene are as defined herein.

The term “alkylthioalkoxy” refers to the group -alkylene-S-alkyl, alkylene-S-substituted alkyl, substituted alkylene-S-alkyl and substituted alkylene-S-substituted alkyl wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkylene and substituted alkylene are as defined herein.

“Alkenyl” refers to straight chain or branched hydrocarbyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example 2 to 4 carbon atoms and having at least 1, for example from 1 to 2 sites of double bond unsaturation. This term includes, by way of example, bi-vinyl, allyl, and but-3-en-1-yl. Included within this term are the cis and trans isomers or mixtures of these isomers.

The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group as defined herein having from 1 to 5 substituents, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl.

“Alkynyl” refers to straight or branched monovalent hydrocarbyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example, 2 to 3 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and for example, from 1 to 2 sites of triple bond unsaturation. Examples of such alkynyl groups include acetylenyl (—C≡CH), and propargyl (—CH₂C≡CH).

The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group as defined herein having from 1 to 5 substituents, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, and —SO₂-heteroaryl.

“Alkynyloxy” refers to the group —O-alkynyl, wherein alkynyl is as defined herein. Alkynyloxy includes, by way of example, ethynyloxy, propynyloxy, and the like.

“Acyl” refers to the groups H—C(O)—, alkyl-C(O)—, substituted alkyl-C(O)—, alkenyl-C(O)—, substituted alkenyl-C(O)—, alkynyl-C(O)—, substituted alkynyl-C(O)—, cycloalkyl-C(O)—, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)—, cycloalkenyl-C(O)—, substituted cycloalkenyl-C(O)—, aryl-C(O)—, substituted aryl-C(O)—, heteroaryl-C(O)—, substituted heteroaryl-C(O)—, heterocyclyl-C(O)—, and substituted heterocyclyl-C(O)—, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein. For example, acyl includes the “acetyl” group CH₃C(O)

“Acylamino” refers to the groups —NR²⁰C(O)alkyl, —NR²⁰C(O)substituted alkyl, N R²⁰C(O)cycloalkyl, —NR²⁰C(O)substituted cycloalkyl, —NR²⁰C(O)cycloalkenyl, —NR²⁰C(O)substituted cycloalkenyl, —NR²⁰C(O)alkenyl, —NR²⁰C(O)substituted alkenyl, —NR²⁰C(O)alkynyl, —NR²⁰C(O)substituted alkynyl, —NR²⁰C(O)aryl, —NR²⁰C(O)substituted aryl, —NR²⁰C(O)heteroaryl, —NR²⁰C(O)substituted heteroaryl, —NR²⁰C(O)heterocyclic, and —NR²⁰C(O)substituted heterocyclic, wherein R²⁰ is hydrogen or alkyl and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminocarbonyl” or the term “aminoacyl” refers to the group —C(O)NR²¹R²², wherein R²¹ and R²² independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R²¹ and R²² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminocarbonylamino” refers to the group —NR²¹C(O)NR²²R²³ where R²¹, R²², and R²³ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl, or where two R groups are joined to form a heterocyclyl group.

The term “alkoxycarbonylamino” refers to the group —NRC(O)OR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl are as defined herein.

The term “acyloxy” refers to the groups alkyl-C(O)O—, substituted alkyl-C(O)O—, cycloalkyl-C(O)O—, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)O—, aryl-C(O)O—, heteroaryl-C(O)O—, and heterocyclyl-C(O)O— wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl are as defined herein.

“Aminosulfonyl” refers to the group —SO₂NR²¹R²², wherein R²¹ and R²² independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic and where R²¹ and R²² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group and alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Sulfonylamino” refers to the group —NR²¹SO₂R²², wherein R²¹ and R²² independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R²¹ and R²² are optionally joined together with the atoms bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aryl” or “Ar” refers to a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 18 carbon atoms having a single ring (such as is present in a phenyl group) or a ring system having multiple condensed rings (examples of such aromatic ring systems include naphthyl, anthryl and indanyl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic, provided that the point of attachment is through an atom of an aromatic ring. This term includes, by way of example, phenyl and naphthyl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the aryl substituent, such aryl groups can optionally be substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from acyloxy, hydroxy, thiol, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, acylamino, alkaryl, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, cyano, halogen, nitro, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, aminoacyloxy, oxyacylamino, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂— substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl and trihalomethyl.

“Aryloxy” refers to the group —O-aryl, wherein aryl is as defined herein, including, by way of example, phenoxy, naphthoxy, and the like, including optionally substituted aryl groups as also defined herein.

“Amino” refers to the group —NH₂.

The term “substituted amino” refers to the group —NRR where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl provided that at least one R is not hydrogen.

The term “azido” refers to the group —N₃.

“Carboxyl,” “carboxy” or “carboxylate” refers to —CO₂H or salts thereof.

“Carboxyl ester” or “carboxy ester” or the terms “carboxyalkyl” or “carboxylalkyl” refers to the groups —C(O)O-alkyl, —C(O)O-substituted alkyl, —C(O)O-alkenyl, —C(O)O-substituted alkenyl, —C(O)O-alkynyl, —C(O)O-substituted alkynyl, —C(O)O-aryl, —C(O)O-substituted aryl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl, —C(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkenyl, —C(O)O-substituted cycloalkenyl, —C(O)O-heteroaryl, —C(O)O-substituted heteroaryl, —C(O)O-heterocyclic, and —C(O)O-substituted heterocyclic, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“(Carboxyl ester)oxy” or “carbonate” refers to the groups —O—C(O)O— alkyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted alkyl, —O—C(O)O-alkenyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted alkenyl, —O—C(O)O— alkynyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted alkynyl, —O—C(O)O-aryl, —O—C(O)O-substituted aryl, —O—C(O)O— cycloalkyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl, —O—C(O)O-cycloalkenyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted cycloalkenyl, —O—C(O)O-heteroaryl, —O—C(O)O-substituted heteroaryl, —O—C(O)O-heterocyclic, and —O—C(O)O-substituted heterocyclic, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Cyano” or “nitrile” refers to the group —CN.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms having single or multiple cyclic rings including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems. Examples of suitable cycloalkyl groups include, for instance, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl and the like. Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, and the like.

The term “substituted cycloalkyl” refers to cycloalkyl groups having from 1 to 5 substituents, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO— substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl.

“Cycloalkenyl” refers to non-aromatic cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms having single or multiple rings and having at least one double bond and for example, from 1 to 2 double bonds.

The term “substituted cycloalkenyl” refers to cycloalkenyl groups having from 1 to 5 substituents, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl.

“Cycloalkynyl” refers to non-aromatic cycloalkyl groups of from 5 to 10 carbon atoms having single or multiple rings and having at least one triple bond.

“Cycloalkoxy” refers to —O-cycloalkyl.

“Cycloalkenyloxy” refers to —O-cycloalkenyl.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the group —OH.

“Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group of from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, such as from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 10 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur within the ring. Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (such as, pyridinyl, imidazolyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings in a ring system (for example as in groups such as, indolizinyl, quinolinyl, benzofuran, benzimidazolyl or benzothienyl), wherein at least one ring within the ring system is aromatic and at least one ring within the ring system is aromatic, provided that the point of attachment is through an atom of an aromatic ring. In certain embodiments, the nitrogen and/or sulfur ring atom(s) of the heteroaryl group are optionally oxidized to provide for the N-oxide (N→O), sulfinyl, or sulfonyl moieties. This term includes, by way of example, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, thiophenyl, and furanyl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the heteroaryl substituent, such heteroaryl groups can be optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from acyloxy, hydroxy, thiol, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, acylamino, alkaryl, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, cyano, halogen, nitro, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, aminoacyloxy, oxyacylamino, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, —SO-alkyl, —SO— substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl, and trihalomethyl.

The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to the groups -alkylene-heteroaryl where alkylene and heteroaryl are defined herein. This term includes, by way of example, pyridylmethyl, pyridylethyl, indolylmethyl, and the like.

“Heteroaryloxy” refers to —O-heteroaryl.

“Heterocycle,” “heterocyclic,” “heterocycloalkyl,” and “heterocyclyl” refer to a saturated or unsaturated group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, including fused bridged and spiro ring systems, and having from 3 to 20 ring atoms, including 1 to 10 hetero atoms. These ring atoms are selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen, wherein, in fused ring systems, one or more of the rings can be cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, provided that the point of attachment is through the non-aromatic ring. In certain embodiments, the nitrogen and/or sulfur atom(s) of the heterocyclic group are optionally oxidized to provide for the N-oxide, —S(O)—, or —SO₂— moieties.

Examples of heterocycles and heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azetidine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, dihydroindole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenazine, isoxazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, imidazolidine, imidazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indoline, phthalimide, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene, thiazole, thiazolidine, thiophene, benzo[b]thiophene, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl (also referred to as thiamorpholinyl), 1,1-dioxothiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuranyl, and the like.

Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the heterocyclic substituent, such heterocyclic groups can be optionally substituted with 1 to 5, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, and fused heterocycle.

“Heterocyclyloxy” refers to the group —O-heterocyclyl.

The term “heterocyclylthio” refers to the group heterocyclic-S—.

The term “heterocyclene” refers to the diradical group formed from a heterocycle, as defined herein.

The term “hydroxyamino” refers to the group —NHOH.

“Nitro” refers to the group —NO₂.

“Oxo” refers to the atom (═O).

“Sulfonyl” refers to the group SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-substituted alkyl, SO₂-alkenyl, SO₂-substituted alkenyl, SO₂-cycloalkyl, SO₂-substituted cycloalkyl, SO₂-cycloalkenyl, SO₂-substituted cylcoalkenyl, SO₂-aryl, SO₂-substituted aryl, SO₂-heteroaryl, SO₂-substituted heteroaryl, SO₂-heterocyclic, and SO₂-substituted heterocyclic, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein. Sulfonyl includes, by way of example, methyl-SO₂—, phenyl-SO₂—, and 4-methylphenyl-SO₂—.

“Sulfonyloxy” refers to the group —OSO₂-alkyl, OSO₂-substituted alkyl, OSO₂-alkenyl, OSO₂-substituted alkenyl, OSO₂-cycloalkyl, OSO₂-substituted cycloalkyl, OSO₂-cycloalkenyl, OSO₂-substituted cylcoalkenyl, OSO₂-aryl, OSO₂-substituted aryl, OSO₂-heteroaryl, OSO₂-substituted heteroaryl, OSO₂-heterocyclic, and OSO₂ substituted heterocyclic, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

The term “aminocarbonyloxy” refers to the group —OC(O)NRR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Thiol” refers to the group —SH.

“Thioxo” or the term “thioketo” refers to the atom (═S).

“Alkylthio” or the term “thioalkoxy” refers to the group —S-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, sulfur may be oxidized to —S(O)—. The sulfoxide may exist as one or more stereoisomers.

The term “substituted thioalkoxy” refers to the group —S-substituted alkyl.

The term “thioaryloxy” refers to the group aryl-S— wherein the aryl group is as defined herein including optionally substituted aryl groups also defined herein.

The term “thioheteroaryloxy” refers to the group heteroaryl-S— wherein the heteroaryl group is as defined herein including optionally substituted aryl groups as also defined herein.

The term “thioheterocyclooxy” refers to the group heterocyclyl-S— wherein the heterocyclyl group is as defined herein including optionally substituted heterocyclyl groups as also defined herein.

In addition to the disclosure herein, the term “substituted,” when used to modify a specified group or radical, can also mean that one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical are each, independently of one another, replaced with the same or different substituent groups as defined below.

In addition to the groups disclosed with respect to the individual terms herein, substituent groups for substituting for one or more hydrogens (any two hydrogens on a single carbon can be replaced with ═O, ═NR⁷⁰, ═N—OR⁷⁰, ═N₂ or ═S) on saturated carbon atoms in the specified group or radical are, unless otherwise specified, —R⁶⁰, halo, ═O, —OR⁷⁰, —SR⁷⁰, —NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, trihalomethyl, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —SO₂R⁷⁰, —SO₂O⁻ M⁺, —SO₂OR⁷⁰, —OSO₂R⁷⁰, —OSO₂O⁻M⁺, —OSO₂OR⁷⁰, —P(O)(O⁻)₂(M⁺)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)O⁻ M⁺, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)₂, —C(O)R⁷⁰, —C(S)R⁷⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰, —C(O)O⁻ M⁺, —C(O)OR⁷⁰, —C(S)OR⁷⁰, —C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, —OC(O)R⁷⁰, —OC(S)R⁷⁰, —OC(O)O⁻M⁺, —OC(O)OR⁷⁰, —OC(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰CO₂ ⁻ M⁺, —NR⁷⁰CO₂R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰ and —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, where R⁶⁰ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each R⁷⁰ is independently hydrogen or R⁶⁰; each R⁸⁰ is independently R⁷⁰ or alternatively, two R⁸⁰'s, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl which may optionally include from 1 to 4 of the same or different additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, of which N may have —H or C₁-C₃ alkyl substitution; and each M⁺ is a counter ion with a net single positive charge. Each M⁺ may independently be, for example, an alkali ion, such as K⁺, Na⁺, Li⁺; an ammonium ion, such as ⁺N(R⁶⁰)₄; or an alkaline earth ion, such as [Ca²⁺]_(0.5), [Mg²⁺]_(0.5), or [Ba²⁺]_(0.5) (“subscript 0.5 means that one of the counter ions for such divalent alkali earth ions can be an ionized form of a compound of the disclosure and the other a typical counter ion such as chloride, or two ionized compounds disclosed herein can serve as counter ions for such divalent alkali earth ions, or a doubly ionized compound of the disclosure can serve as the counter ion for such divalent alkali earth ions). As specific examples, —NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰ is meant to include —NH₂, —NH-alkyl, N-pyrrolidinyl, N-piperazinyl, 4N-methyl-piperazin-1-yl and N-morpholinyl.

In addition to the disclosure herein, substituent groups for hydrogens on unsaturated carbon atoms in “substituted” alkene, alkyne, aryl and heteroaryl groups are, unless otherwise specified, —R⁶⁰, halo, —O⁻M⁺, —OR⁷⁰, —SR⁷⁰, —S⁻M⁺, —NR⁸⁰R₈₀, trihalomethyl, —CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂R⁷⁰, —SO₃ ⁻ M⁺, —SO₃R⁷⁰, —OSO₂R⁷⁰, —OSO₃-M⁺, —OSO₃R⁷⁰, —PO₃ ⁻²(M⁺)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)O⁻ M⁺, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)₂, —C(O)R⁷⁰, —C(S)R⁷⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰, —CO₂ ⁻ M⁺, —CO₂R⁷⁰, —C(S)OR⁷⁰, —C(O)NR⁸OR⁸⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)NR⁸OR⁸⁰, —OC(O)R⁷⁰, —OC(S)R⁷⁰, —OCO₂ ⁻ M⁺, —OCO₂R⁷⁰, —OC(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰CO₂ ⁻ M⁺, —NR⁷⁰CO₂R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰ and —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, where R⁶⁰, R⁷⁰, R⁸⁰ and M⁺ are as previously defined, provided that in case of substituted alkene or alkyne, the substituents are not —O⁻M⁺, —OR⁷⁰, —SR⁷⁰, or —S⁻M⁺.

In addition to the groups disclosed with respect to the individual terms herein, substituent groups for hydrogens on nitrogen atoms in “substituted” heteroalkyl and cycloheteroalkyl groups are, unless otherwise specified, —R⁶⁰, —O⁻M⁺, —OR⁷⁰, —SR⁷⁰, —S⁻M⁺, —NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, trihalomethyl, —CF₃, —CN, —NO, —NO₂, —S(O)₂R⁷⁰, —S(O)₂O⁻M⁺, —S(O)₂OR⁷⁰, —OS(O)₂R⁷⁰, —OS(O)₂ O⁻M⁺, —OS(O)₂OR⁷⁰, —P(O)(O⁻)₂(M⁺)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)O⁻M⁺, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)(OR⁷⁰), —C(O)R⁷⁰, —C(S)R⁷⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰, —C(O)OR⁷⁰, —C(S)OR⁷⁰, —C(O)NR⁸OR⁸⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)NR⁸⁰R₈°, —OC(O)R⁷⁰, —OC(S)R⁷⁰, —OC(O)OR⁷⁰, —OC(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰ and —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)NR⁸OR⁸⁰, where R⁶⁰, R⁷⁰, R⁸⁰ and M⁺ are as previously defined.

In addition to the disclosure herein, in a certain embodiment, a group that is substituted has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents, 1, 2, or 3 substituents, 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent.

It is understood that in all substituted groups defined above, polymers arrived at by defining substituents with further substituents to themselves (e.g., substituted aryl having a substituted aryl group as a substituent which is itself substituted with a substituted aryl group, which is further substituted by a substituted aryl group, etc.) are not intended for inclusion herein. In such cases, the maximum number of such substitutions is three. For example, serial substitutions of substituted aryl groups specifically contemplated herein are limited to substituted aryl-(substituted aryl)-substituted aryl.

Unless indicated otherwise, the nomenclature of substituents that are not explicitly defined herein are arrived at by naming the terminal portion of the functionality followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment. For example, the substituent “arylalkyloxycarbonyl” refers to the group (aryl)-(alkyl)-O—C(O)—.

As to any of the groups disclosed herein which contain one or more substituents, it is understood, of course, that such groups do not contain any substitution or substitution patterns which are sterically impractical and/or synthetically non-feasible. In addition, the subject compounds include all stereochemical isomers arising from the substitution of these compounds.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a salt which is acceptable for administration to a patient, such as a mammal (salts with counterions having acceptable mammalian safety for a given dosage regime). Such salts can be derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acids. “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound, which salts are derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the molecule contains a basic functionality, salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, formate, tartrate, besylate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate, and the like.

The term “salt thereof” means a compound formed when a proton of an acid is replaced by a cation, such as a metal cation or an organic cation and the like. Where applicable, the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, although this is not required for salts of intermediate compounds that are not intended for administration to a patient. By way of example, salts of the present compounds include those wherein the compound is protonated by an inorganic or organic acid to form a cation, with the conjugate base of the inorganic or organic acid as the anionic component of the salt.

“Solvate” refers to a complex formed by combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute. The solvent can be an organic compound, an inorganic compound, or a mixture of both. Some examples of solvents include, but are not limited to, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, and water. When the solvent is water, the solvate formed is a hydrate.

“Stereoisomer” and “stereoisomers” refer to compounds that have same atomic connectivity but different atomic arrangement in space. Stereoisomers include cis-trans isomers, E and Z isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers.

“Tautomer” refers to alternate forms of a molecule that differ only in electronic bonding of atoms and/or in the position of a proton, such as enol-keto and imine-enamine tautomers, or the tautomeric forms of heteroaryl groups containing a —N═C(H)—NH— ring atom arrangement, such as pyrazoles, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, triazoles, and tetrazoles. A person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other tautomeric ring atom arrangements are possible.

It will be appreciated that the term “or a salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof” is intended to include all permutations of salts, solvates and stereoisomers, such as a solvate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a stereoisomer of subject compound.

As used herein, the language “maximum sustained release” describes the release window for certain formulations of the present disclosure formulated to increase the release period to a maximum value, which is ultimately limited by the time the gastrointestinal tract naturally excretes all drugs with food.

The language “tamper resistance” is art-recognized to describe aspects of a drug formulation that make it more difficult to use the formulation to abuse the drug moiety of the formulation through extraction for intravenous use, or crushing for freebase use; and therefore reduce the risk for abuse of the drug.

As used herein, the term “steady” describes the stable or steady-state level of a molecule concentration, e.g., concentration of any compound described herein.

As used herein, the term “composition” is equivalent to the term “formulation.”

As used herein, the language “administration event” describes the administration of a subject a given dose, in the form of one or more pills within a short window of time, e.g., less than 10 minutes.

As used herein, the language “release period” describes the time window in which any compound described herein is released from the matrix to afford plasma concentrations of compounds described herein. The start time of the release period is defined from the point of oral administration to a subject, which is considered nearly equivalent to entry into the stomach, and initial dissolution by gastric enzymes and acid. The end time of the release period is defined as the point when the entire loaded drug is released. In embodiments, the release period can be greater than about 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, or 20 hours, greater than or equal to about 24 hours, 28 hours, 32 hours, 36 hours, or 48 hours, or less than about 48 hours, 36 hours, 4 hours or less, 3 hours or less, 2 hours or less, or 1 hour or less.

The term “treating” or “treatment” as used herein means the treating or treatment of a disease or medical condition in a patient, such as a mammal (particularly a human) that includes: ameliorating the disease or medical condition, such as, eliminating or causing regression of the disease or medical condition in a patient; suppressing the disease or medical condition, for example by, slowing or arresting the development of the disease or medical condition in a patient; or alleviating a symptom of the disease or medical condition in a patient. In an embodiment, prophylactic treatment can result in preventing the disease or medical condition from occurring, in a subject.

“Patient” refers to human and non-human subjects, especially mammalian subjects.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” refer to the prevention of the onset, recurrence or spread of a disease, disorder, or condition, or of one or more symptoms thereof. The terms encompass the inhibition or reduction of a symptom of the particular disease, disorder, or condition. Subjects with familial history of a disease, disorder, or condition, in particular, are candidates for preventive regimens in certain embodiments. In addition, subjects who have a history of recurring symptoms are also potential candidates for the prevention. In this regard, the term “prevention” may be interchangeably used with the term “prophylactic treatment.”

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “manage,” “managing” and “management” refer to preventing or slowing the progression, spread or worsening of a disease, disorder, or condition, or of one or more symptoms thereof. Often, the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent do not result in a cure of the disease, disorder, or condition. In this regard, the term “managing” encompasses treating a subject who had suffered from the particular disease, disorder, or condition in an attempt to prevent or minimize the recurrence of the disease, disorder, or condition.

“Pharmaceutically effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” refer to an amount of a compound sufficient to treat a specified disorder or disease or one or more of its symptoms and/or to prevent the occurrence of the disease or disorder.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a “prophylactically effective amount” of an active agent, is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease, disorder, or condition, or prevent its recurrence. The term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.

The language “neurologically toxic spikes” is used herein to describe spikes in concentration of any compound described herein that would produce side-effects of sedation or psychotomimetic effects, e.g., hallucination, dizziness, and nausea; which can not only have immediate repercussions, but also effect treatment compliance. In particular, side effects may become more pronounced at blood concentration levels above about 300 ng/L (e.g. above about 300, 400, 500, 600 or more ng/L).

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a “neuropsychiatric disease or disorder” is a behavioral or psychological problem associated with a known neurological condition, and typically defined as a cluster of symptoms that co-exist. Examples of neuropsychiatric disorders include, but are not limited to, schizophrenia, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar and manic disorders, depression or any combinations thereof.

“Inflammatory conditions” or“inflammatory disease,” as used herein, refers broadly to chronic or acute inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory conditions and inflammatory diseases, include but are not limited to rheumatic diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis) spondyloarthropathies (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome), crystal arthropathies (e.g., gout, pseudogout, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease), multiple sclerosis, Lyme disease, polymyalgia rheumatica; connective tissue diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome); vasculitides (e.g., polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome); inflammatory conditions including consequences of trauma or ischaemia, sarcoidosis; vascular diseases including atherosclerotic vascular disease, atherosclerosis, and vascular occlusive disease (e.g., atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease), and vascular stent restenosis; ocular diseases including uveitis, corneal disease, iritis, iridocyclitis, glaucoma, and cataracts.

All diseases and disorders listed herein may be defined as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, or in International Classification of Diseases (ICD), published by the World Health Organization. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a”, “an”, and “the” includes plural reference as well as the singular reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “about” in association with a numerical value means that the value varies up or down by 5%. For example, for a value of about 100, means 95 to 105 (or any value between 95 and 105).

Compounds

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are deuterium and Y₁ and Y₂ are deuterium.

For some embodiments, R is

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is not an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-a) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are deuterium and Y₁ and Y₂ are deuterium.

For some embodiments, R is

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is not an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-b) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are deuterium and Y₁ and Y₂ are deuterium.

For some embodiments, R is

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is not unsubstituted or substituted alkyl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-c) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-d) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-e) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-f) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, under the proviso that R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-g) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-h) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-i) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-j) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (I-k) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are deuterium, and Y₁ and Y₂ are hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R is

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-a) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are deuterium, Y₁ and Y₂ are hydrogen, and R is

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-b) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are deuterium, Y₁ and Y₂ are hydrogen, and R is

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-c) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X₁ and X₂ are deuterium, Y₁ and Y₂ are hydrogen, and R is

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₁₀ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₁₀ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-d) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-e) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-f) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-g) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-h) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-i) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (II-j) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, X₁ and X₂ are deuterium.

For some embodiments, Y₁ and Y₂ are hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl. For some embodiments, R₈ is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl and R₂, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, Rs and R₉ are not both -CD₃, and R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is hydrogen.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

For some embodiments, the compound of formula (III) is a compound according to Formula (III-a), Formula (III-b), Formula (III-c), Formula (III-d), Formula (III-e), Formula (III-f), Formula (III-g), Formula (III-h), Formula (III-i), Formula (III-j), Formula (III-k), Formula (III-l), Formula (III-m), Formula (III-n), Formula (III-o), Formula (III-p), Formula (III-q), Formula (III-r), Formula (III-s), Formula (III-t), Formula (III-u), or Formula (III-v), described below.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-a) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl and R₂, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, Rs and R₉ are not both -CD₃, and R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-b) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-c) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-d) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₂, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R₉ is deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-e) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-f) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-g) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-h) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-i) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-j) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-k) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl,

For some embodiments, R₄ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₅ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl and R₂, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃, and R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, when R₄ is hydroxyl, R₉ is hydrogen or deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. For some embodiments, alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-l) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted methyl when R₂, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-m) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-n) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, when R₂, R₆, and R₇ are all hydrogen, R₈ and R₉ are not both -CD₃.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen.

For some embodiments, R₉ is deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-o) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-p) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-q) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-r) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen,

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-s) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-t) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-u) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

Disclosed herein is a compound according to Formula (III-v) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

For some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

For some embodiments, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

For some embodiments, R₈ and R₉ are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

For some embodiments, substituted means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

For some embodiments, the compound is selected from:

For some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

For some embodiments, the compounds described herein have at least one of R₂, R₄, Rs, R₆, R₇, R₉, and R₁₀ is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, the compounds described herein have at least one of R₂, R₄, Rs, R₆, and R₇ is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₂ of the compounds described herein is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₄ of the compounds described herein is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₅ of the compounds described herein is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₆ of the compounds described herein is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₇ of the compounds described herein is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₉ of the compounds described herein is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₁₀ of the compounds described herein is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, R₆ and/or R₇ of the compounds described herein is halogen.

For some embodiments, R₄ and/or R₅ of the compounds described herein is deuterium or substituted with a deuterium.

For some embodiments, the compound is an agonist of a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.

For some embodiments, the compound can be agonists of a serotonin 5-HT_(2A) receptor.

Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the novel compounds described herein having selective deuteration, like in the exocyclic moiety, allow for significant slowing of enzymatic degradation with improved exposure (i.e., prevention of high drug concentrations (spiking) observed acutely after administration) and increased blood-to-brain ratio, resulting in enhanced oral bioavailability. Some compounds described herein confer similar benefits by selective deuteration of the phenyl ring.

Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles” may be vehicles approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in mammals, such as humans. The term “vehicle” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or carrier with which a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) is formulated for administration to a mammal. Such pharmaceutical vehicles can be liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. The pharmaceutical vehicles can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents may be used.

When administered to a mammal, the compounds and compositions of the present disclosure and pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, excipients, or diluents may be sterile. In some instances, an aqueous medium is employed as a vehicle when the subject compound is administered intravenously, such as water, saline solutions, and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions.

Pharmaceutical compositions can take the form of capsules, tablets, pills, pellets, lozenges, powders, granules, syrups, elixirs, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, suppositories, or sustained-release formulations thereof, or any other form suitable for administration to a mammal. In some instances, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for administration in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for oral or intravenous administration to humans. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical vehicles and methods for formulation thereof are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., Mack Publishing Co. Easton, Pa., 19th ed., 1995, Chapters 86, 87, 88, 91, and 92, incorporated herein by reference. The choice of excipient will be determined in part by the particular compound, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of the subject pharmaceutical compositions.

Administration of the subject compounds may be systemic or local. In certain embodiments administration to a mammal will result in systemic release of a compound of the present disclosure (for example, into the bloodstream). Methods of administration may include enteral routes, such as oral, buccal, sublingual, and rectal; topical administration, such as transdermal and intradermal; administration by inhalation via, for example a nebulizer or inhaler, and parenteral administration.

In some embodiments, the compositions include a compound as disclosed herein at a purity of at least 50% by weight of the total amount of isotopologues of formula present. In some embodiments, any position in the compound having deuterium has a minimum deuterium incorporation of at least 45% at the deuterium. In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of other isotopologues of the compound.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes: (i) a water-insoluble neutrally charged non-ionic matrix; and (ii) a polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups.

In some embodiments, the non-ionic matrix is selected from cellulose-based polymers such as HPMC, alone or enhanced by mixing with components such as starches; waxes; neutral gums; polymethacrylates; PVA; PVA/PVP blends; or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the cellulose-based polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

In some embodiments, the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups is polyacrylic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polymethacrylate carboxylates, cation-exchange resins, clays, zeolites, hyaluronic acid, anionic gums, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the anionic gum is a naturally occurring material or a semi-synthetic material. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring material is alginic acid, pectin, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum arabic, gum karaya, guar gum, gum tragacanth, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the semi-synthetic material is carboxymethyl-chitin, cellulose gum, or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, provided is a modified release oral formulation. In some embodiments, the oral formulation is for low dose maintenance therapy that can be constructed using either deuterated or non-deuterated tryptamines, capitalizing on the ability of tryptamines to bind with anionic polymers.

The pharmaceutical composition may be prepared and administered in a wide variety of dosage formulations. Compounds described may be administered orally, rectally, via inhalation, or by injection (e.g., intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally).

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from compounds described herein, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier may be one or more substance that may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier may be a finely divided solid in a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component may be mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

The powders and tablets can contain from about 5% to about 70% of the active compound. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water/propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizers, and thickening agents as desired.

Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.

Also included are solid form preparations that are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

A pharmaceutical preparation can be in unit dosage form. In such form the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.

The quantity of active component in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 0.001 mg to about 10 mg (e.g., about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 mg or more; or any range between about 0.001 and about 10.0 mg (e.g., between about 0.0001 and about 0.1, between about 0.1 and 1.0, between about 0.0005 and 0.5, or between about 0.01 and about 2.0 mg), according to the particular application and the potency of the active component. The composition can, if desired, also contain other compatible therapeutic agents.

Some compounds may have limited solubility in water and therefore may require a surfactant or other appropriate co-solvent in the composition. Such co-solvents include: Polysorbate 20, 60, and 80; Pluronic F-68, F-84, and P-103; cyclodextrin; and polyoxyl 35 castor oil. Such co-solvents are typically employed at a level between about 0.01% and about 2% by weight. Viscosity greater than that of simple aqueous solutions may be desirable to decrease variability in dispensing the formulations, to decrease physical separation of components of a suspension or emulsion of formulation, and/or otherwise to improve the formulation. Such viscosity building agents include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, chondroitin sulfate and salts thereof, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, and combinations of the foregoing. Such agents are typically employed at a level between about 0.01% and about 2% by weight.

The pharmaceutical compositions may additionally include components to provide sustained release and/or comfort. Such components include high molecular weight, anionic mucomimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides, and finely-divided drug carrier substrates. These components are discussed in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,911,920; 5,403,841; 5,212,162; and 4,861,760. The entire contents of these patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

The pharmaceutical composition may be intended for intravenous use. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can include buffers to adjust the pH to a desirable range for intravenous use. Many buffers including salts of inorganic acids such as phosphate, borate, and sulfate are known.

The pharmaceutical composition may include compositions wherein the active ingredient (e.g., a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) is contained in a therapeutically effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. The actual amount effective for a particular application will depend, inter alia, on the condition being treated.

The dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) of compounds administered can vary depending upon a variety of factors, including route of administration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index, and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the disease being treated; presence of other diseases or other health-related problems; kind of concurrent treatment; and complications from any disease or treatment regimen. Other therapeutic regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with the methods and compounds disclosed herein.

Therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans may be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring response of the constipation or dry eye to the treatment and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards, as described above.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the subject and the compound being employed. The dose administered to a subject, in the context of the pharmaceutical compositions presented herein, should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the subject over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached.

Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compounds effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

Utilizing the teachings provided herein, an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not cause substantial toxicity and yet is entirely effective to treat the clinical symptoms demonstrated by the particular patient. This planning should involve the careful choice of active compound by considering factors such as compound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight, presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode of administration, and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

Also disclosed is a method of treating a subject with a disease or disorder comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein.

Also disclosed is a method of treating a subject with a disease or disorder comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein.

Also disclosed is a method of treating a subject with a disease or disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

For some embodiments, the administration of the disclosed methods is by oral, sublingual, buccal, parenteral, topical, nasal, inhalation, or injectable route.

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders including alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme Disease, and obesity, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is alcohol use disorder.

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes conditions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes pulmonary disorders including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis.

Also disclosed is a method of treating a subject with alcohol use disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the following structure:

Formulations

Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition formulated for oral administration, such as pills (e.g., tablets, capsules, caplets, troaches, lozenges, caches, gelcaps, caps, pellets, boluses, pastilles, orally disintegrating tablets, sublingual tablets and buccal tablets), formulated for oral administration, e.g., single-layer tablet composition, comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with reduced neurological adverse effects compared to existing oral formulations. The pharmaceutical composition is formulated to ensure the steady release of a therapeutically effective concentration of tryptamine derivatives described herein from an oral pharmaceutical composition without sedative or psychotomimetic toxic spikes in plasma concentration of any of the compounds described herein (e.g., a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).

Such spikes in plasma concentration have been well-documented to have serious psychotomimetic directed side effects including, but not limited to hallucination, dizziness, and nausea; which can not only have immediate repercussions, but also adversely affect treatment compliance. In this regard, the disclosure provides novel and inventive formulations for oral administration comprising, e.g., optimal matrices discovered for the long-term steady release of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with reduced sedative and psychotomimetic side effects.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., a tablet composition formulated for oral administration such as a single-layer tablet composition), comprises any of the compounds described herein (e.g., a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the tablet composition is a modified-release tablet adapted for sustained release, e.g., maximum sustained release.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the tablet composition is adapted for tamper resistance. In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises polyethylene oxide (PEO), e.g., MW about 2,000 to about 7,000 KDa, in combination with HPMC. In some embodiments, the tablet composition may further comprise polyethylene glycol (PEG), e.g., PEG 8K. In some embodiments, the tablet composition may further comprise polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups, e.g., polyacrylic acid. In specific embodiments, the tablet composition comprising PEO is further subjected to heating/annealing, e.g., extrusion conditions.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a combination of (i) a water-insoluble neutrally charged non-ionic matrix; (ii) a polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups; and (iii) a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups is polyacrylic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polymethacrylate carboxylates, cation-exchange resins, clays, zeolites, hyaluronic acid, anionic gums, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the anionic gum is a naturally occurring material, a semi-synthetic material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring material is alginic acid, pectin, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum arabic, gum karaya, guar gum, gum tragacanth, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the semi-synthetic material is carboxymethyl-chitin, cellulose gum, or combinations thereof.

Moreover, without wishing to be bound by theory, in some embodiments, the role of the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups, e.g., moieties of acidic nature as in those of the acidic polymers described herein, surprisingly offers significant retention of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the matrix. In some embodiments, this negative charge may be created in situ, for example, based on release of a proton due to pKa and under certain pH conditions or through electrostatic interaction/creation of negative charge. Further noting that acidic polymers may be the salts of the corresponding weak acids that will be the related protonated acids in the stomach; which, and without wishing to be bound by theory, will neutralize the charge and may reduce the interactions of the tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with the matrix. In addition, the release matrix may be further complemented by other inactive pharmaceutical ingredients to aid in preparation of the appropriate solid dose form such as fillers, disintegrants, flow improving agents, lubricants, colorants, and taste maskers.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the tablet composition is adapted for tamper resistance. In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises polyethylene oxide (PEO), e.g., MW about 2,000 to about 7,000 KDa. In specific embodiments, the tablet composition comprising PEO is further subjected to heating/annealing, e.g., extrusion.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the non-ionic matrix is selected from cellulose-based polymers such as HPMC, alone or enhanced by mixing with components such as starches; waxes; neutral gums; polymethacrylates; PVA; PVA/PVP blends; or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the cellulose-based polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises about 20-60% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose by weight, about 10-30% starch by weight, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for the treatment of pain. In some embodiments, the pain treated is cancer pain, e.g., refractory cancer pain. In some embodiments, the pain treated is post-surgical pain. In some embodiments, the pain treated is orthopedic pain. In some embodiments, the pain treated is back pain. In some embodiments, the pain treated is neuropathic pain. In some embodiments, the pain treated is dental pain. In some embodiments, the pain treated is chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for the treatment of depression.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for the treatment of brain injury.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for the treatment of stroke.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in migraine, e.g., with aura.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in refractory asthma.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating alcohol dependence.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating depression (e.g., treatment resistant depression (TRD) or bipolar depression).

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating major depressive disorder (MDD).

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder).

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating schizophrenia.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating bipolar disorder.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating suicidality or suicidal ideation.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating autism.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating diabetic neuropathy.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating neuropathic pain.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating acute pain (e.g., acute trauma pain).

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating chronic pain.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating or modulating a speudobulbar effect or Bulbar function.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating Alzheimer's disease or conditions associated with Alzheimer's disease (e.g., Alzheimer's dementia or Alzheimer's agitation).

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating tinnitus.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein for use in treating a disease or disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders including alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme Disease, and obesity, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is alcohol use disorder.

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes conditions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes pulmonary disorders including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis.

Depression, anxiety, or stress can be common among patients who have chronic and/or life-threatening illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis), cancer, coronary heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, hypothyroidism, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress can occur after diagnosis with the disease or illness. Patients that have depression, anxiety, or stress concurrent with another medical disease or illness can have more severe symptoms of both illnesses and symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress can continue even as a patient's physical health improves. Compounds and formulations described herein can be used to treat depression associated with a chronic or life-threatening disease or illness.

In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises an amount of any of the compounds described herein released from the matrix with a rate 0.05-2 mg/kg/h over a period of 12-24 hours, e.g., 24 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the composition achieves a combined concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in plasma in the range of about 10-500 ng/ml (e.g., about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 or more ng/ml (or any range between about 10 and about 500 ng/ml, e.g., about 100 to about 300 ng/ml, about 250 to about 450 ng/ml, or about 50 to about 400 ng/ml), and maintains this concentration for duration of the release period. In some embodiments, the composition achieves a combined concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in plasma in the range of about 10-300 ng/ml, and maintains this concentration for duration of the release period. In some embodiments, the composition achieves a combined concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in plasma in the range of about 10-100 ng/ml, or about 50-100 ng/ml, and maintains this concentration for duration of the release period. In some embodiments, the composition achieves a combined concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in plasma in the range of about 10-20 ng/ml, and maintains this concentration for duration of the release period.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is 4 hours or less, 3 hours or less, 2 hours or less, or 1 hour or less.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than 4 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than about 8 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than about 12 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than about 16 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than about 20 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than or equal to about 24 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than or equal to about 28 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than or equal to about 32 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is greater than or equal to about 36 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is less than about 48 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release period of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the formulations of the disclosure is less than about 36 hours.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the tablet compositions of the disclosure are utilized as a 2-times a day (BID), 3-times a day (TID) or 4-times a day (QID) application.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the tablet compositions of the disclosure are utilized as a once a day (QD) application.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the tablet compositions of the disclosure are utilized as a nightly (QHS) application.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the tablet compositions of the disclosure are utilized as an as needed (PRN) application.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the oral pharmaceutical compositions are enhanced. In some embodiments, due to the efficiency of administration, the formulation is able to utilize less of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, for treatment to achieve the same effect as comparative oral tablets not described by the disclosure.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the oral administration event, which provides the appropriate single unit dose, may comprise one single pill or multiple pills.

In addition, to protect the tablet from the acidic environment in the stomach and maintain a long-term release, various types of enteric coating may be used in some embodiments.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, a single-layer tablet or caplet is coated with protective layers of inactive pharmaceutical ingredients to form a modified-release formulation, e.g., to ensure steady release of the drug from the matrix and avoid concentration bursts at the early release time points.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provides formulation of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a modified-release formulation, that ensures the steady release of a therapeutically effective concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from such oral modified-release formulation, without sedative or psychotomimetic toxic spikes in plasma concentration of any of the compounds described herein (e.g., a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof). This formulation comprises a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, formulated in an osmotic controlled release pharmaceutical composition, such as a tablet, caplet or granules. In these formulations a single core layer containing a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., as defined by other tablet formulations described herein), is surrounded by semi-permeable membrane with or without drug delivery orifice.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, because these systems use water osmotic pressure for the controlled delivery of the active material, delivery rates are expected to be independent of gastrointestinal conditions. In combination with the novel and inventive aspects of the disclosure, osmotic asymmetric-membrane technology or AMT (e.g., technology directed to a single-layer tablet, caplet or granules coated with an insoluble, asymmetric microporous membrane produced by controlled phase separation) may be used to produce formulations useful in the methods of treatment and kits described herein.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be formulated as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., hydrochloride, aspartate, succinate, etc., such that the counterion does not significantly affect formulation as described herein for a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the ability of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to achieve the desired therapeutic effects described herein, i.e., with similar steady release of a therapeutically effective concentration (e.g., based on indication) from an oral pharmaceutical composition, such as a tablet, a caplet, a capsule, a gelcap, a cap or granules, without sedative or psychotomimetic toxic spikes in the concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary salts, within this scope, may include but are not limited to: salts with an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydriodic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; and salts with an organic acid, such as methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid; and other mineral and carboxylic acids well known to those skilled in the art. Additional examples may include salts with inorganic cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, aluminum, zinc, etc.; and salts formed with pharmaceutically acceptable amines such as ammonia, alkylamines, hydroxyalkylamines, lysine, arginine, N-methylglucamine, procaine and the like. In specific embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a tryptamine derivative include, but are not limited to, addition salts formed from acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, phenylacetic acid, acylated amino acids, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, sulfonic acids (e.g., benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, etc.), benzoic acids (e.g., benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, gentisic acid, etc.), boric acid, (+)-camphoric acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, L-glutamic acid, α-oxo-glutaric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, (+)-L-lactic acid, (−)-D-lactic acid, (+)-DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, (−)-L-malic acid, (+)-D-malic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, malonic acid, (+)-DL-mandelic acid, isethionic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, pamoic acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, saccharic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acids (e.g., DL-tartaric acid, (+)-L-tartaric acid, (−)-D-tartaric acid), thiocyanic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, and fatty acids (including fatty mono- and di-acids, e.g., adipic (hexandioic) acid, lauric (dodecanoic) acid, linoleic acid, myristic (tetradecanoic) acid, capric (decanoic) acid, stearic (octadecanoic) acid, oleic acid, caprylic (octanoic) acid, palmitic (hexadecenoic) acid, sebacic acid, undecylenic acid, caproic acid, etc.).

Some embodiments of the disclosure provides a kit for the treatment of a subject with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising pharmaceutical composition, such as an orally administered pharmaceutical composition like a pill, of any one of the formulations described herein comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in the treatment, prevention or management of a disease, disorder or condition, such as pain, e.g., as described herein.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated is cancer pain, e.g., refractory cancer pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated is post-surgical pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated is orthopedic pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated is back pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated is neuropathic pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated is dental pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated is chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease or disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders including alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme Disease, and obesity, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is alcohol use disorder.

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes conditions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes pulmonary disorders including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

For some embodiments, the disease or disorder includes cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provides a kit for the treatment of a subject with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as an orally administered tablet pharmaceutical composition like a pill, of any one of the formulations of the disclosure comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in the treatment of brain injury.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provides a kit for the treatment of a subject with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, formula, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as an orally administered tablet pharmaceutical composition like a pill, of any one of the formulations of the disclosure comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in the treatment of depression.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provides a kit for the treatment of a subject with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as an orally administered tablet pharmaceutical composition like a pill, of the formulations of the disclosure comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in the treatment of migraine, e.g., with aura.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provides a kit for the treatment of a subject with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as an orally administered tablet pharmaceutical composition like a pill, of the disclosure comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in the treatment of refractory asthma.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provides a kit for the treatment of a subject with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as an orally administered tablet pharmaceutical composition like a pill, of any one of the formulations of the disclosure comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in the treatment of stroke.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provides a kit for the treatment of a subject with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as an orally administered tablet pharmaceutical composition like a pill, of any one of the formulations of the disclosure comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

In some embodiments, the instructions for use form an integrated component of the packaging for the tablet composition.

In embodiments, the disclosure features an oral, modified-release pharmaceutical composition for oral administration to a subject for treating the subject diagnosed with, suffering from or susceptible to a disease, disorder or condition, such as those for which tryptamine treatment may be indicated, considered or recommended, wherein the subject is in need of treatment with said oral, modified-release pharmaceutical composition, said oral, modified-release pharmaceutical composition comprising:

(a) a drug including a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an effective amount for treating, preventing and/or managing the disease, disorder, or condition in the subject; and

(b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient;

whereby, upon oral administration of the modified-release pharmaceutical composition to the subject, a steady release of said drug from the modified-release pharmaceutical composition is maintained so that no neurologically toxic spike in the subject's plasma occurs during the release period of said drug from said pharmaceutical composition.

General Tablet Formulations

The formulations of the disclosure comprise orally administered pharmaceutical compositions, such as tablet, capsule, caplets, gelcap and cap compositions, which may include uncoated tablets or coated tablets, caplets and caps (including film-coated, sugar-coated tablets, and gastro-resistant/enteric-coated tablets). The oral pharmaceutical compositions for oral use may include the active ingredients, e.g., a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable inactive excipients such as diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, powder flow improving agent, wetting agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservatives. Moreover, oral pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure are solid dosage forms intended for oral administration, e.g., obtained by dry granulation with single or multiple compressions of powders or granules. In some embodiments, the oral pharmaceutical compositions may be obtained by using wet granulation techniques. In some embodiments, the oral pharmaceutical compositions may be obtained by molding, heating/annealing, or extrusion techniques.

In some embodiments, the oral tablets are right circular solid cylinders, the end surfaces of which are flat or convex, and the edges of which may be beveled. In some embodiments, the surfaces are convex. In addition, they may have lines or break-marks (scoring), symbols or other markings.

In some embodiments, the break-mark(s) is/are intended to permit accurate subdivision of the tablet in order to provide doses of less than one tablet. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the tablet compositions comprise one or more excipients such as diluents, binders, disintegrating agents, glidants, lubricants, substances capable of modifying the behavior of the dosage forms and the active ingredient(s) in the gastrointestinal tract, coloring matter authorized by the appropriate national or regional authority and flavoring substances. When such excipients are used it is necessary to ensure that they do not adversely affect the stability, dissolution rate, bioavailability, safety or efficacy of the active ingredient(s); there must be no incompatibility between any of the components of the dosage form.

Coated tablets are tablets covered with one or more layers of mixtures of substances such as natural or synthetic resins, polymers, gums, fillers, sugars, plasticizers, polyols, waxes, coloring matters authorized by the appropriate national or regional authority, and flavoring substances. Such coating materials do not contain any active ingredient, e.g., a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The tablets may be coated for a variety of reasons such as protection of the active ingredients from burst release from the matrix, air, moisture or light, masking of unpleasant tastes and odors or improvement of appearance. The substance used for coating may be applied as a solution or suspension.

In some embodiments, the manufacturing processes for the oral pharmaceutical compositions, e.g., tablets, meet the requirements of good manufacturing practices (GMP). In some embodiments, one or more measures are taken in the manufacture of oral pharmaceutical compositions selected from the following: ensure that mixing with excipients is carried out in a manner that ensures homogeneity; ensure that the oral pharmaceutical compositions possess a suitable mechanical strength to avoid crumbling or breaking on subsequent processing, e.g., coating, storage and distribution; minimize the degradation of the active ingredient; minimize the risk of microbial contamination; minimize the risk of cross-contamination. In addition, in the manufacture of scored tablets (tablets bearing a break-mark or marks) for which subdivision is intended in order to provide doses of less than one tablet measures are taken to: ensure the effectiveness of break-marks with respect to the uniformity of mass or content, as appropriate, of the subdivided parts so that the patient receives the intended close.

In general a suitable dose will be in the range of about 0.01 to about 10 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, e.g., in the range of about 0.1 to about 5 mg per kilogram body weight per day. Additional details on techniques for formulation and administration are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see, e.g., the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maack Publishing Co, Easton Pa. (“Remington's”). After a pharmaceutical composition has been formulated in an acceptable carrier, it can be placed in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition). For administration of the formulations comprising any of the compounds described herein (e.g., a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such labeling would include, e.g., instructions concerning the amount, frequency, method of administration, treatment regimen and indications.

Parenteral Formulations

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be administered parenterally by injection, infusion, perfusion, or implantation, for local or systemic administration. Parenteral administration, as used herein, include intravenous, intradermal, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular, intrasynovial, and subcutaneous administration.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be formulated in any dosage forms that are suitable for parenteral administration, including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, micelles, liposomes, microspheres, nanosystems, and solid forms suitable for solutions or suspensions in liquid prior to injection. Such dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical science (see, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of an injectable (liquid) dosage form (e.g., for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, etc. administration). In some embodiments, injectable (liquid) dosage forms (e.g., for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, etc. administration) are prepared by reconstituting a solid dosage form disclosed herein into a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid medium such as water, saline solutions, viscous aqueous solutions/suspensions, water-miscible vehicles (e.g., organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), etc. prior to use.

The pharmaceutical compositions intended for parenteral administration may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, including, but not limited to, aqueous vehicles, water-miscible vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents or preservatives against the growth of microorganisms, stabilizing agents, solubilizing agents, isotonic agents, buffering agents, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, wetting or emulsifying agents, complexing agents, sequestering or chelating agents, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, thickening or viscosity building agents, pH adjusting agents, and inert gases.

Suitable aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, water, saline, physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride injection, Ringers injection, isotonic dextrose injection, sterile water injection, dextrose and lactated Ringers injection.

Non-aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, fixed oils of vegetable origin, castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, and medium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil, and palm seed oil.

Water-miscible vehicles include, but are not limited to, ethanol, 1,3-butanediol, liquid polyethylene glycol (e.g., polyethylene glycol 300 and polyethylene glycol 400), propylene glycol, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide.

Suitable antimicrobial agents or preservatives include, but are not limited to, phenols, cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzates, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methyl- and propyl-parabens, and sorbic acid.

Suitable isotonic agents include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, glycerin, and dextrose.

Suitable buffering agents include, but are not limited to, phosphate, acetate, and citrate buffers.

Suitable antioxidants include, but are not limited to, (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Suitable local anesthetics include, but are not limited to, procaine hydrochloride.

Suitable suspending and dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, Veegum, acacia, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrolidone.

Suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 20 (TWEEN® 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 80 (TWEEN® 80), and triethanolamine oleate.

Suitable sequestering or chelating agents include, but are not limited to EDTA.

Suitable pH adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, and lactic acid.

Suitable complexing agents include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrins, including ca-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-3-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, and sulfobutylether 7-O-cyclodextrin (CAPTISOL®, CyDex, Lenexa, Kans.).

Suitable thickening or viscosity building agents include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (e.g., sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), hydroxypropyl cellulose, chondroitin sulfate and salts thereof, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, including crosslinked variations of any of the forgoing, and combinations of the foregoing.

Examples of stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, alcohols, long chain fatty acid esters, long chain ethers, hydrophilic derivatives of fatty acids, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl alcohols, hydrocarbons, hydrophobic polymers, moisture-absorbing polymers, glycerol, methionine, monothioglycerol, ascorbic acid, citric acid, polysorbate, arginine, cyclodextrins, microcrystalline cellulose, modified celluloses (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose, sodium salt), sorbitol, and cellulose gel.

Examples of solubilizing agents (or dissolution aids) include, but are not limited to, citric acid, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium stearyl fumarate, methacrylic acid copolymer LD, methylcellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyl 40 stearate, purified shellac, sodium dehydroacetate, fumaric acid, DL-malic acid, L-ascorbyl stearate, L-asparagine acid, adipic acid, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer E, propylene glycol alginate, casein, casein sodium, a carboxyvinyl polymer, carboxymethylethylcellulose, powdered agar, guar gum, succinic acid, copolyvidone, cellulose acetate phthalate, tartaric acid, dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate, zein, powdered skim milk, sorbitan trioleate, lactic acid, aluminum lactate, ascorbyl palmitate, hydroxyethylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloseacetate succinate, polyoxyethylene (105) polyoxypropylene (5) glycol, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 60, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), polyvinylacetaldiethylamino acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, maleic acid, methacrylic acid copolymer S, lauromacrogol, sulfuric acid, aluminum sulfate, phosphoric acid, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, a vinyl pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, acetyl tryptophan, sodium methyl sulfate, sodium ethyl sulfate, sodium butyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium hexadecyl sulfate, and sodium octadecyl sulfate.

Examples of lyoprotectants include, but are not limited to, disaccharides such as sucrose and trehalose, anionic polymers such as sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) and hyaluronic acid, and hydroxylated cyclodextrins.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be formulated for single or multiple dosage administration. The single dosage formulations are packaged in an ampule, a vial, or a syringe. The multiple dosage parenteral formulations contain an antimicrobial agent at bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations. All parenteral formulations must be sterile, as known and practiced in the art.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed as ready-to-use sterile solutions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed as sterile dry soluble products, including lyophilized powders and hypodermic tablets, to be reconstituted with a vehicle prior to use. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed as ready-to-use sterile suspensions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed as sterile dry insoluble products to be reconstituted with a vehicle prior to use. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed as ready-to-use sterile emulsions.

In some embodiments, the injectable (liquid) dosage form comprises a tryptamine derivative (e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), an aqueous vehicle (e.g., isotonic saline), a buffering agent (e.g., a citric acid buffer), optionally a pH adjusting agent (e.g., sodium hydroxide), and optionally an isotonic agent. In some embodiments, the injectable (liquid) dosage form comprises a tryptamine derivative (e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), an aqueous vehicle (e.g., isotonic saline), and a pH adjusting agent (e.g., sodium hydroxide), wherein the injectable (liquid) dosage form is formulated without a buffering agent (e.g., a citric acid buffer). In some embodiments, the injectable (liquid) dosage form is prepared by reconstituting a solid dosage form comprising a tryptamine derivative (e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) into an aqueous vehicle such as isotonic saline. Reconstitution can be performed immediately prior to use. Some embodiments of the disclosure provide a formulation of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as a modified-release formulation administered as a subcutaneous injection in a patient or subject. The formulation administered for subcutaneous injection may improve bioavailability of the active ingredient(s) and can improve the ease of administration compared to intravenous routes, for example, which may enhance the scalability of the formulation and treatment methods. In some embodiments, the formulation administered for subcutaneous injection may comprise a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isotonic saline and a citric acid buffer. In some embodiments, the formulation administered for subcutaneous injection may comprise a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isotonic saline and involve a NaOH pH adjustment (for example, no buffer). In some embodiments, the formulations described herein may be formulated for intramuscular administration. Intramuscular formulations may be absorbed faster than subcutaneous administration but still maintain slow and/or sustained release effect compared to intravenous delivery routes. In some embodiments, the formulation administered for intramuscular injection may comprise a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isotonic saline and a citric acid buffer. In some embodiments, the formulation administered for intramuscular injection may comprise a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isotonic saline and involve a NaOH pH adjustment (for example, no buffer). The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as a suspension, solid, semi-solid, or thixotropic liquid, for administration as an implanted depot or to generate a depot-like effect.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are dispersed in a solid inner matrix, which is surrounded by an outer polymeric membrane that is insoluble in body fluids but allows the active ingredient in the pharmaceutical compositions diffuse through.

Suitable inner matrixes include, but are not limited to, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate copolymers, hydrophilic polymers, such as hydrogels of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol, and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate. Suitable outer polymeric membranes include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethyl siloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, and ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a viscous aqueous solution/suspension for injection to provide a slow/sustained absorption or depot-like effect. Here, pharmaceutical vehicles which build viscosity may be used, such as thickening or viscosity building agents including, but not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (e.g., sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), hydroxypropyl cellulose, chondroitin sulfate and salts thereof, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, and combinations of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle comprises sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, or a combination thereof. Such viscous aqueous solution/suspension dosage forms may be particularly well suited for subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, where the active ingredient can be slowly released from the injection site and absorbed over sustained periods, generating a depot-like release effect. Further, crosslinked versions of any of the forgoing may be utilized. The rate of release of the active ingredient can be controlled through the extent of cross-linking of any of the thickening or viscosity building agents described herein, or by controlling the rate that any of the forgoing are crosslinked through use, amount, or type of crosslinking agent employed. For example, a slow/sustained absorption or depot-like effect can be achieved through use or formation of a crosslinked hyaluronic acid at the injection site. In some embodiments, administration of a viscous aqueous solution/suspension dosage form, e.g., via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, provides a release period of about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, or any range therebetween, or longer. The subcutaneous or intramuscular formulations and administration described herein (for example, formulations comprising DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) may allow for a slow and/or sustained absorption or depot effect and may allow for at-home administration of the formulations. In some embodiments, viscous water formulations using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na CMC) or hyaluronic acid (HA) or the like may be used.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is provided in an injectable dosage form comprising an active ingredient in free base form (e.g., a free base of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein) dissolved in a water-miscible vehicle (for example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). Administration of such pharmaceutical compositions may cause the active ingredient to crash out of solution when injected into a suitable injection site (e.g., subcutaneous or intramuscular), resulting in slow dissolution of the free base active ingredient in vivo over time, and thus prolonged absorption.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the present disclosure with poor aqueous solubility (e.g., a water solubility at 22° C. of less than 5 mg/mL, less than 4 mg/mL, less than 3 mg/mL, less than 2 mg/mL, less than 1 mg/mL, less than 0.5 mg/mL, less than 0.1 mg/mL), such as a fatty acid salt of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein. Examples of fatty acid salt forms include, but are not limited to, those formed by contacting a compound such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described, with adipic (hexandioic) acid, lauric (dodecanoic) acid, linoleic acid, myristic (tetradecanoic) acid, capric (decanoic) acid, stearic (octadecanoic) acid, oleic acid, caprylic (octanoic) acid, palmitic (hexadecenoic) acid, sebacic acid, undecylenic acid, or caproic acid. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be particularly well suited for subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, where the active ingredient can slowly solubilize and be slowly released from the injection site and absorbed over sustained periods, generating a depot-like release effect. These “slow release” salts may be optionally formulated with thickening or viscosity building agents, e.g., in viscous aqueous solution/suspension formulations. In some embodiments, administration of a pharmaceutical composition formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound (e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein) with poor aqueous solubility, e.g., via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, provides a release period of about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, or any range therebetween, or longer.

Nasal Formulations

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be administered intranasally. The terms “nasal,” “intranasal,” and the like refers to a route of administration, or dosage forms adapted for a route of administration, wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form is taken to, or through, the nose (e.g., nasal cavity). Similarly, a “nasal delivery device” or an “intranasal delivery device” is intended to mean an apparatus that administers an active ingredient into the nasal cavity. In some embodiments, the intranasal dosage form may be in the form of an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension, liposomal dispersion, emulsion, microemulsion or sol-gel. Non-limiting examples of intranasal administration include introduction of a solution or suspension in the form of a nasal spray or drops (direct instillation) or intranasal application of a gel, emulsion or ointment. Relative to an oral dosage form such as a tablet or capsule, intranasal delivery provides for rapid absorption, faster onset of therapeutic action and avoidance of first pass metabolism, and thus higher bioavailability of the active ingredient. The amount of active ingredient absorbed depends on many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, the drug concentration, the drug delivery vehicle, mucosal contact time, the venous drainage of the mucosal tissues, the degree that the drug is ionized at the pH of the absorption site, the size of the drug molecule, and its relative lipid solubility.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure for nasal administration include a compound of the present disclosure, e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle including, but not limited to, permeation agents/absorption enhancers which promote nasal absorption of the active ingredient after nasal administration and agents to improve brain penetration of the drug following nasal administration, diluents, binders, lubricants, glidants, disintegrants, desensitizing agents, emulsifying agents, bioadhesive agents, solubilizing agents, suspending and dispersing agents, thickening or viscosity building agents, isotonic agents, pH adjusting agents, buffering agents, carriers, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, coloring agents, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is present in the pharmaceutical composition in particulate form. In some embodiments, the particle size of the active ingredient is less than or equal to about 60 microns, which can help to ensure uniformity of any blends of the particles with other ingredients, or to provide an adequate dispersion in a liquid vehicle.

The transport of the active ingredient across normal mucosal surfaces (such as the nasal mucosa) can be enhanced by optionally combining it with a permeation agent/absorption enhancer. Examples of these permeation agents/absorption enhancers include, but are not limited to, cationic polymers, surface active agents, chelating agents, mucolytic agents, cyclodextrin, polymeric hydrogels, combinations thereof, and any other similar absorption promoting agents known to those of skill in the art. Representative examples of permeation agents/absorption enhancers include, but are not limited to, phospholipids, such as phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidyl derivatives, such as lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylserine, or lysophosphatidic acid, polyols, such as glycerol or propylene glycol, fatty acid esters thereof such as glycerides, amino acids, and esters thereof, cyclodextrins, menthol, or others set forth herein. Gelling excipients or viscosity-increasing excipients can also be used.

The transport of the active ingredient across normal mucosal surfaces can also be enhanced by increasing the time in which the formulations adhere to the mucosal surfaces. Bioadhesive agents, for example, those which form hydrogels, exhibit muco-adhesion and controlled drug release properties and can be included in the intranasal compositions described herein. Representative bioadhesive agents capable of binding to the nasal mucosa include, but are not limited to, polycarbophil, polylysine, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, pectin, Carbopol 934P, polyethylene oxide 600K, one or more poloxomers such as Pluronic F127 and/or Pluronic F-68, polyisobutylene (PIB), polyisoprene (PIP), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), xanthan gum, guar gum, and locust bean gum. Other nasal delivery compositions are chitosan-based and are suitable to increase the residence time of the active ingredient on mucosal surfaces, which results in increasing its bioavailability. Thiolated polymeric vehicles that form covalent bonds with the cysteine-rich subdomains of the mucus membrane can also provide mucoadhesion, which prolongs the contact time between the active ingredient and the membrane.

The intranasal compositions can also include one or more preservatives. Representative preservatives include quaternary ammonium salts such as lauralkonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, benzododecinium chloride, cetyl pyridium chloride, cetrimide, domiphen bromide; alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, o-cresol, phenyl ethyl alcohol; organic acids or salts thereof such as benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, parabens; or complex forming agents such as EDTA.

Intranasal dosage forms may also include ion-exchange resins, e.g., microspheres, which carry suitable anionic groups such as carboxylic acid residues, carboxymethyl groups, sulfopropyl groups and methylsulfonate groups. Ion-exchange resins, such as cation exchangers, can also be used. For example, pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated with chitosan, which is partially deacetylated chitin, or poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof such as hydrochloride, lactate, glutamate, maleate, acetate, formate, propionate, malate, malonate, adipate, or succinate. Examples of non-ion-exchange resins (e.g., microspheres) which may be used include, but are not limited to starch, gelatin, collagen and albumin.

The pharmaceutical composition can also include an appropriate pH adjusting agent, including, but not limited to, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, glutamic acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, and succinic acid.

Other ingredients such as diluents are cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, inositol, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, and powdered sugar and the like.

Suitable binders include, but are not limited to, starches, such as corn starch, potato starch, and pre-gelatinized starch (e.g., STARCH 1500); gelatin; sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, and lactose; natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, alginic acid, alginates, extract of Irish moss, Panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isabgol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Veegum, larch arabogalactan, powdered tragacanth, and guar gum; celluloses, such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); microcrystalline celluloses, such as AVICEL-PH-101, AVICEL-PH-103, AVICEL RC-581, AVICEL-PH-105 (FMC Corp., Marcus Hook, Pa.); and mixtures thereof.

Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate; magnesium stearate; mineral oil; light mineral oil; glycerin; sorbitol; mannitol; glycols, such as glycerol behenate and polyethylene glycol (PEG); stearic acid; sodium lauryl sulfate; talc; hydrogenated vegetable oil, including peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; zinc stearate; ethyl oleate; ethyl laureate; agar; starch; lycopodium; silica or silica gels, such as AEROSIL® 200 (W. R. Grace Co., Baltimore, Md.) and CAB-O-SIL® (Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.); and mixtures thereof.

Suitable glidants include colloidal silicon dioxide, CAB-O-SIL® (Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and asbestos-free talc.

Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants, such as fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant taste sensation, such as peppermint and methyl salicylate.

Sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, mannitol, syrups, glycerin, and artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin and aspartame.

Coloring agents include any of the approved, certified, water soluble FD&C dyes, and water insoluble FD&C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate, and color lakes and mixtures thereof. A color lake is the combination by adsorption of a water-soluble dye to a hydrous oxide of a heavy metal, resulting in an insoluble form of the dye.

Isotonic agents to adjust the tonicity of the composition may be added, including, but not limited to, sodium chloride, glucose, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, and the like.

Acidic, neutral, or basic buffering agents can also be added to the intranasal composition to control the pH, including, but not limited to, phosphate buffers, acetate buffers, and citrate buffers.

In addition to using permeation agents/absorption enhancers, which increase the transport of the active ingredient through the mucosa, and bioadhesive agents, which prolong the contact time of the active agent along the mucosa, the administration of the active ingredient can be controlled by using controlled release formulations. There are numerous particulate drug delivery vehicles known to those of skill in the art which can include the active ingredients and deliver them in a controlled manner. Examples include particulate polymeric drug delivery vehicles, for example, biodegradable polymers, and particles formed of non-polymeric components. These particulate drug delivery vehicles can be in the form of powders, microparticles, nanoparticles, microcapsules, liposomes, and the like. Typically, if the active ingredient is in particulate form without added components, its release rate depends on the release of the active ingredient itself. Typically, the rate of absorption is enhanced by presenting the drug in a micronized form, wherein particles are below 20 microns in diameter. In contrast, if the active ingredient is in particulate form as a blend of the active agent and a polymer, the release of the active agent is controlled, at least in part, by the removal of the polymer, typically by dissolution, biodegradation, or diffusion from the polymer matrix. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a viscous aqueous solution/suspension for intranasal administration to provide a slow/sustained release and absorption. Here, pharmaceutical vehicles which build viscosity may be used, such as thickening or viscosity building agents including, but not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (e.g., sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), hydroxypropyl cellulose, chondroitin sulfate and salts thereof, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, including crosslinked variants of any of the forgoing, and combinations of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle comprises sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, or a combination thereof. Such viscous aqueous solution/suspension dosage forms may be particularly well suited for intranasal dosage forms whereby the active ingredient is relatively short acting and/or where longer acting formulations are desirable, in that the active ingredient can be slowly released from the administration site and absorbed over sustained periods.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition adapted for intranasal delivery is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the present disclosure with poor aqueous solubility (e.g., a water solubility at 22° C. of less than 5 mg/mL, less than 4 mg/mL, less than 3 mg/mL, less than 2 mg/mL, less than 1 mg/mL, less than 0.5 mg/mL, less than 0.1 mg/mL), such as a fatty acid salt of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein. Examples of fatty acid salt forms include, but are not limited to, those formed by contacting a compound of the present disclosure with adipic (hexandioic) acid, lauric (dodecanoic) acid, linoleic acid, myristic (tetradecanoic) acid, capric (decanoic) acid, stearic (octadecanoic) acid, oleic acid, caprylic (octanoic) acid, palmitic (hexadecenoic) acid, sebacic acid, undecylenic acid, or caproic acid. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be particularly well suited for intranasal dosage forms whereby the active ingredient is relatively short acting and/or where longer acting formulations are desirable, in that the active ingredient can be slowly released from the administration site and absorbed over sustained periods.

Other intranasal dosage forms and methods contemplated herein are disclosed in van Woensel M, et al. Formulations for Intranasal Delivery of Pharmacological Agents to Combat Brain Disease: A New Opportunity to Tackle GBM? Cancers (Basel). 2013 Aug. 14; 5(3):1020-48, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Intranasal delivery devices are known in the art. Thus, any device suitable for delivery of drug to nasal mucosa may be used. Non-limiting examples of devices useful for the administration of liquid dosage forms include vapor devices (e.g., vapor inhalers), drop devices (e.g., catheters, single-dose droppers, multi-dose droppers, and unit-dose pipettes), mechanical spray pump devices (e.g., squeeze bottles, multi-dose metered-dose spray pumps, and single/duo-dose spray pumps), bi-directional spray pumps (e.g., breath-actuated nasal delivery devices), gas-driven spray systems/atomizers (e.g., single- or multi-dose HFA or nitrogen propellant-driven metered-dose inhalers, including traditional and circumferential velocity inhalers), and electrically powered nebulizers/atomizers (e.g., pulsation membrane nebulizers, vibrating mechanical nebulizers, and hand-held mechanical nebulizers). Non-limiting examples of devices useful for the administration of powder compositions (e.g., lyophilized or otherwise dried pooled compositions) include, but are not limited to, mechanical powder sprayers (e.g., handactuated capsule-based powder spray devices and handactuated powder spray devices, hand actuated gel delivery devices), breath-actuated inhalers (e.g., single- or multi-dose nasal inhalers and capsule-based single- or multi-dose nasal inhalers), and insufilators (e.g., breath-actuated nasal delivery devices).

Use of metered sprays for intranasal delivery can also be accomplished by including the active ingredient in a solution or dispersion in a suitable medium which can be administered as a spray. Representative devices of this type are disclosed in the following patents, patent applications, and publications: WO2003026559, WO2002011800, WO200051672, WO2002068029, WO2002068030, WO2002068031, WO2002068032, WO2003000310, WO2003020350, WO2003082393, WO2003084591, WO2003090812, WO200041755, and the pharmaceutical literature (See e.g., Bell, A. Intranasal Delivery Devices, in Drug Delivery Devices Fundamentals and Applications, Tyle P. (ed), Dekker, New York, 1988), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., 1975, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Intraoral Formulations

In some embodiments, the formulations described herein may be formulated for intraoral administration, including sublingual, buccal, and lingual dosage forms. Such intraoral dosage forms allow for pre-gastric absorption of the compounds herein, e.g., when administered intraorally through the mucosal linings of the oral cavity, e.g., buccal, lingual, and sublingual administration, for increased bioavailability and faster onset compared to oral administration through the gastrointestinal tract. Intraoral dosage forms may be in the form of orodispersible dosage forms such as fast dissolving tablets, also called orodispersible tablets or orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) or fast dispersible tablets (FDTs), wafers, films, and the like. Intraoral dosage forms can be prepared by different techniques, such as freeze drying (lyophilization), molding, spray drying, mass extrusion or compressing. In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage form is prepared by lyophilization.

In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage form is a sublingual dosage form to be disintegrated/dissolved under the tongue, whereby the contents (e.g., the compounds of the present disclosure) are absorbed through the mucous membrane beneath the tongue where they enter venous circulation. In some embodiments, the sublingual dosage form is disintegrated/dissolved under the tongue, whereby the contents are converted into a liquid or semi-solid dosage form, such as a solution, syrup, or paste upon mixing with the saliva, with some of the active ingredient being absorbed through the oral mucosa and some being swallowed. In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage form is a buccal dosage form to be disintegrated/dissolved in the buccal cavity, whereby the contents (e.g., the compounds of the present disclosure) are absorbed through the oral mucosa lining the mouth where they enter venous circulation. In some embodiments, the buccal dosage form is disintegrated/dissolved in the buccal cavity, whereby the contents are converted into a liquid or semi-solid dosage form, such as a solution, syrup, or paste upon mixing with the saliva, with some of the active ingredient being absorbed through the oral mucosa and some being swallowed.

In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage forms disintegrate in less than about 90 seconds, in less than about 60 seconds, in less than about 30 seconds, in less than about 20, in less than about 10 seconds, in less than about 5 seconds, or in less than about 2 seconds after being received in the oral cavity. In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage forms dissolve in less than about 90 seconds, in less than about 60 seconds, or in less than about 30 seconds after being received in the oral cavity. In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage forms disperse in less than about 90 seconds, in less than about 60 seconds, in less than about 30 seconds, in less than about 20, in less than about 10 seconds, in less than about 5 seconds, or in less than about 2 seconds after being received in the oral cavity. In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage form has a disintegration time according to the United States Phamacopeia (USP) disintegration test <701> of not more than about 30 seconds, not more than about 20, not more than about 10 seconds, not more than about 5 seconds, not more than about 2 seconds. Intraoral dosage forms having longer disintegration times according to the United States Phamacopeia (USP) disintegration test <701>, such as when adapted for extended release, for example 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, or any range therebetween, or longer, are also contemplated.

In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage form is prepared through lyophilization by creating a porous matrix by subliming the water from a pre-frozen aqueous formulation of the drug containing matrix-forming agents and other vehicles such as those set forth herein, e.g., one or more lyoprotectants, preservatives, antioxidants, stabilizing agents, solubilizing agents, flavoring agents, etc. In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage form comprises two component frameworks of a lyophilized matrix system that work together to ensure the development of a successful formulation. In some embodiments, the first component is a water-soluble polymer such as gelatin, dextran, alginate, and maltodextrin. This component maintains the shape and provides mechanical strength (binder). In some embodiments, the second constituent is matrix-supporting/disintegration-enhancing agents such as sucrose, lactose, mannitol, xylitol, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium diphosphate, and/or starch, which acts by cementing the porous framework, provided by the water-soluble polymer and accelerates the disintegration of dosage form. The intraoral dosage form may be formulated with gelatin and/or mannitol. A non-limiting example is Zydis® orally dispersible tablets (available from Catalent). In some embodiments, the formulation (e.g., Zydis® orally dispersible tablets) includes one or more water-soluble polymers, such as gelatin, one or more matrix materials, fillers, or diluents such as mannitol, a tryptamine derivative (e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), and optionally a lyoprotectant, a preservative, an antioxidant, a stabilizing agent, a solubilizing agent, and/or a flavoring agent.

In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage form can comprise a monolayer, bilayer, or trilayer. In some embodiments, the intraoral dosage form contains an active agent and one or more vehicles, such as those set forth herein. In some embodiments, the bilayer intraoral dosage form contains one or more vehicles, such as a solubilizing agent, in a first layer and an active agent in the second layer. This configuration allows the active agent to be stored separately from the vehicles and can increase the stability of the active agent and optionally increase the shelf life of the composition compared to the case where the vehicles and the active agent were contained in a single layer. For ti-layer intraoral dosage forms, each of the layers may be different or two of the layers, such as the upper and lower layers, may have substantially the same composition. In some embodiments, the lower and upper layers surround a core layer containing the active agent. In some embodiments, the lower and upper layers may contain one or more vehicles, such as a solubilizing agent. In some embodiments, the lower and upper layers have the same composition. Alternatively, the lower and upper layers may contain different vehicles or different amounts of the same vehicle. The core layer typically contains the active agent, optionally with one or more vehicles.

Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles which can be used in the intraoral dosage forms include, but are not limited to, a lyoprotectant, a preservative, an antioxidant, a stabilizing agent, a solubilizing agent, a flavoring agent, cyclodextrins, a bioadhesive agent, a permeation agent/absorption enhancer, or other pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles recited herein.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable lyoprotectants include, but are not limited to, disaccharides such as sucrose and trehalose, anionic polymers such as sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) and hyaluronic acid, and hydroxylated cyclodextrins.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable preservatives include, but are not limited to, glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate and alcohol.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants, which may act to further enhance stability of the composition, include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine or salts thereof (cysteine hydrochloride), sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, alcohols, long chain fatty acid esters, long chain ethers, hydrophilic derivatives of fatty acids, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl alcohols, hydrocarbons, hydrophobic polymers, moisture-absorbing polymers, glycerol, methionine, monothioglycerol, ascorbic acid, citric acid, polysorbate, arginine, cyclodextrins, microcrystalline cellulose, modified celluloses (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose, sodium salt), sorbitol, and cellulose gel.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizing agents (or dissolution aids) include, but are not limited to, citric acid, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium stearyl fumarate, methacrylic acid copolymer LD, methylcellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyl 40 stearate, purified shellac, sodium dehydroacetate, fumaric acid, DL-malic acid, L-ascorbyl stearate, L-asparagine acid, adipic acid, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer E, propylene glycol alginate, casein, casein sodium, a carboxyvinyl polymer, carboxymethylethylcellulose, powdered agar, guar gum, succinic acid, copolyvidone, cellulose acetate phthalate, tartaric acid, dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate, zein, powdered skim milk, sorbitan trioleate, lactic acid, aluminum lactate, ascorbyl palmitate, hydroxyethylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloseacetate succinate, polyoxyethylene (105) polyoxypropylene (5) glycol, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 60, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), polyvinylacetaldiethylamino acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, maleic acid, methacrylic acid copolymer S, lauromacrogol, sulfuric acid, aluminum sulfate, phosphoric acid, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, a vinyl pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, acetyl tryptophan, sodium methyl sulfate, sodium ethyl sulfate, sodium butyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium hexadecyl sulfate, and sodium octadecyl sulfate.

Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants, such as fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant taste sensation or taste masking effect. Examples of flavoring agents include, but are not limited to, aspartame, saccharin (as sodium, potassium or calcium saccharin), cyclamate (as a sodium, potassium or calcium salt), sucralose, acesulfame-K, thaumatin, neohisperidin, dihydrochalcone, ammoniated glycyrrhizin, dextrose, maltodextrin, fructose, levulose, sucrose, glucose, wild orange peel, citric acid, tartaric acid, oil of wintergreen, oil of peppermint, methyl salicylate, oil of spearmint, oil of sassafras, oil of clove, cinnamon, anethole, menthol, thymol, eugenol, eucalyptol, lemon, lime, and lemon-lime.

Cyclodextrins such as α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl γ-cyclodextrin, sulfated β-cyclodextrin, sulfated α-cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin, or other solubilized derivatives can also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of compositions described herein.

Examples of suitable bioadhesive agents include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrin, cellulose derivatives such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), methyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, modified cellulose gum and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC); starch derivatives such as moderately cross-linked starch, modified starch and sodium starch glycolate; acrylic polymers such as carbomer and its derivatives (polycarbophyl, Carbopol®, etc.); polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); polyethylene oxide (PEO); chitosan (poly-(D-glucosamine)); natural polymers such as gelatin, sodium alginate, pectin; scleroglucan; xanthan gum; guar gum; poly co-(methylvinyl ether/maleic anhydride); and crosscarmellose (e.g. crosscarmellose sodium). Such polymers may be crosslinked. Combinations of two or more bioadhesive agents can also be used.

Examples of permeation agents/absorption enhancers include, but are not limited to, sulfoxides, such as dodecylmethylsulfoxide, octyl methyl sulfoxide, nonyl methyl sulfoxide, decyl methyl sulfoxide, undecyl methyl sulfoxide, 2-hydroxydecyl methyl sulfoxide, 2-hydroxy-undecyl methyl sulfoxide, 2-hydroxydodecyl methyl sulfoxide, and the like; menthol; surfactant-lecithin organogel (PLO), such as those formed from an aqueous phase with one or more of poloxamers, CARBOPOL and PEMULEN, a lipid phase formed from one or more of isopropyl palmitate and PPG-2 myristyl ether propionate, and lecithin; fatty acids, esters, and alcohols, such as oleyloleate and oleyl alcohol; keto acids such as levulinic acid; glycols and glycol ethers, such as diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; including mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, cellulose based polymers/film formers/bioadhesives, e.g., HPMC, HPC, HEC, with or without carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or its salts and hyaluronic acid (HA) or its salts, plus optional permeation enhancers (e.g., menthol), may be used.

Effervescent Formulations

Further disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions in effervescent dosage form, which comprise a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, which may be release controlling vehicles and/or non-release controlling vehicles. Effervescent means that the dosage form, when mixed with liquid, including water, juice, saliva, etc., evolves a gas. In some embodiments, the effervescent dosage forms of the present disclosure comprise an organic acid and a source of carbon dioxide, referred to herein as an “effervescent couple.” Such effervescent dosage forms effervesce (evolve gas) through chemical reaction between the organic acid and the source of carbon dioxide, which takes place upon exposure to an aqueous environment, such as upon placement in water, juice, or other drinkable fluid, or from the aqueous environment in the oral cavity, such as saliva in the mouth. Specifically, the reaction between the organic acid and the source of carbon dioxide produces carbon dioxide gas upon contact with an aqueous medium such as water, juice, or saliva. While use of disintegrants are optional, effervescent dosage forms do not require a disintegrant as the evolution of the gas in situ facilitates the disintegration process.

For clarity, an “effervescent couple” refers to at least one organic acid and at least one source of carbon dioxide being contained in a dosage form, regardless of assembly—for example, the organic acid and the source of carbon dioxide can be admixed (as powders), layered on top of one another, agglomerated or otherwise “glued” together in granular form, or held separately from one another such as in separate layers within the dosage form. Further, the term “couple” in this context is not meant to be limited to only an organic acid and a source of carbon dioxide and is open to the inclusion of other materials unless specified otherwise; for example, effervescent agglomerates/granules made from bringing together (or “gluing”) an organic acid and a source of carbon dioxide may include other vehicles including binders (the “glue”) and the effervescent agglomerates/granules may nonetheless be referred to as an effervescent couple.

The organic acid may be a monoacid, a diacid, a triacid, a tetraacid, or may contain a higher number of acid groups. One organic acid or mixtures of organic acids may be used. In addition to an acid group(s) (e.g., one or more carboxylic acid moieties), the organic acid may also contain one or more hydroxyl functionalities as part of its structure (i.e., the organic acid may be a hydroxy acid). In some embodiments, the organic acid is an α-hydroxy acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is a β-hydroxy acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is a γ-hydroxy acid. Examples of hydroxy acids include, but are not limited to, glycolic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, and malic acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is citric acid and/or tartaric acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is citric acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is tartaric acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is an enedioic acid, examples of which may include, but are not limited to, fumaric acid and maleic acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is fumaric acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is maleic acid. Mixtures and/or hydrates of the disclosed organic acid may also be used in the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, the organic acid is not a sulfonic acid (e.g., benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, etc.). In some embodiments, the organic acid is not a benzoic acid (e.g., benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, gentisic acid, etc.).

The source of carbon dioxide may include, but is not limited to, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and sesquicarbonate. The source of carbon dioxide can be used singly, or in combination. In some embodiments, the source of carbon dioxide is sodium bicarbonate. In some embodiments, the source of carbon dioxide is sodium carbonate. In some embodiments, the source of carbon dioxide is potassium carbonate. In some embodiments, the source of carbon dioxide is potassium bicarbonate. However, reactants which evolve oxygen or other gases besides carbon dioxide, and which are safe for human consumption, are also contemplated for use in the disclosed effervescent dosage forms, in addition to or in lieu of the source of carbon dioxide. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the effervescence can help quickly break up the dosage form, and in some routes of administration such as intraoral routes, can help reduce the perception of grittiness by providing a distracting sensory experience of effervescence.

In some embodiments, the effervescent dosage form is to be reconstituted in a drinkable fluid such as water or juice, thereby forming an oral liquid dosage form (e.g., solution), prior to consumption. In some embodiments, the effervescent dosage form is to be placed in the oral cavity, where contact with the aqueous environment (saliva) causes disintegration/dissolution of the dosage form along with effervescence. Here, the contents of the effervescent dosage form may be converted into a liquid or semi-solid dosage form, such as a solution, syrup, or paste upon mixing with the saliva, and subsequently swallowed. Alternatively, the effervescent dosage form may be an intraoral dosage form, e.g., a buccal, lingual, or sublingual dosage form, whereby placement in the aqueous environment (saliva) of the oral cavity causes disintegration/dissolution of the dosage form along with effervescence, and pre-gastric absorption of the contents through the oral mucosa. Such pre-gastric absorption may provide for increased bioavailability and faster onset compared to oral administration through the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the effervescent dosage form is a sublingual dosage form to be disintegrated/dissolved under the tongue, whereby the contents (e.g., the compounds of the present disclosure) are absorbed through the mucous membrane beneath the tongue where they enter venous circulation. In some embodiments, the effervescent dosage form is a buccal dosage form to be disintegrated/dissolved in the buccal cavity, whereby the contents (e.g., the compounds of the present disclosure) are absorbed through the oral mucosa lining the mouth where they enter venous circulation. Effervescent dosage forms may be advantageous for the treatment of pediatric/adolescent patients or patients that have general difficulty swallowing traditional dosage forms such as general tablets or capsules, since effervescent dosage forms can be reconstituted into easy to swallow liquid or semi-solid dosage forms or taken intraorally.

When adapted for intraoral administration, it may be beneficial to formulate the effervescent dosage form with a bioadhesive agent, in addition to the effervescent couple. “Bioadhesive agents” are substances which promote adhesion or adherence to a biological surface, such as mucous membranes. For example, bioadhesive agents are themselves capable of adhering to a biological surface when placed in contact with that surface (e.g., mucous membrane) in order to enable compositions of the disclosure to adhere to that surface, which promotes more efficient transfer of the contents from the dosage form to the biological surface. A variety of polymers known in the art can be used as bioadhesive agents, for example polymeric substances, preferably with an average (weight average) molecular weight above 5,000 g/mol. It is preferred that such polymeric materials are capable of rapid swelling when placed in contact with an aqueous medium such a water or saliva, and/or are substantially insoluble in water at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Examples of suitable bioadhesive agents include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrin, cellulose derivatives such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), methyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, modified cellulose gum and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC); starch derivatives such as moderately cross-linked starch, modified starch and sodium starch glycolate; acrylic polymers such as carbomer and its derivatives (polycarbophyl, Carbopol®, etc.); polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); polyethylene oxide (PEO); chitosan (poly-(D-glucosamine)); natural polymers such as gelatin, sodium alginate, pectin; scleroglucan; xanthan gum; guar gum; poly co-(methylvinyl ether/maleic anhydride); and crosscarmellose (e.g. crosscarmellose sodium). Such polymers may be crosslinked. Combinations of two or more bioadhesive agents can also be used.

An effervescent couple can be coated with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, e.g., with a binder, a protective coating such as a solvent protective coating, an enteric coating, an anti-caking agent, and/or a pH modifier to prevent premature reaction, e.g., with air, moisture, and/or other ingredients contained in the pharmaceutical composition. Each component of the effervescent couple, e.g., the organic acid and/or the source of carbon dioxide, can also individually be coated with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, e.g., with a binder, a protective coating such as a solvent protective coating, an enteric coating, an anti-caking agent, and/or a pH modifier to prevent premature reaction, e.g., with air, moisture, and/or other ingredients contained in the pharmaceutical composition. The effervescent couple can also be mixed with previously lyophilized particles, such as one or more pharmaceutically active ingredients coated with a solvent protective or enteric coating.

The effervescent dosage form may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, slugging, direct compression, roller compaction, dry or wet granulation, fusion granulation, melt-granulation, vacuum granulation, and fluid bed spray granulation, any of which may be optionally followed by compression/tableting.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be formulated as non-effervescent or effervescent granules and powders. The non-effervescent or effervescent granules and powders may be reconstituted into a liquid dosage form, or alternatively, compressed to form tablet dosage forms which are either non-effervescent or effervescent, respectively. Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles used in the non-effervescent or effervescent granules or powders may include, but are not limited to, binders, granulators, fillers, diluents, sweetening agent, wetting agents, stabilizing agents, solubilizing agents, anti-caking agents, pH modifiers, or any other pharmaceutical vehicle described herein. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle comprises an organic acid, such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, and/or maleic acid.

Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles used in the effervescent granules or powders include an effervescent couple, i.e., an organic acid and a source of carbon dioxide. Effervescent powders may be produced by blending or admixing the organic acid and the source of carbon dioxide (the effervescent couple) and optionally any other desired pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Effervescent granules may be produced by physically adhering or “gluing” the effervescent couple (the organic acid and the source of carbon dioxide) together using an edible or pharmaceutically acceptable binder such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, L-leucine, polyethylene glycol, gum arabic, or the like, including combinations thereof. These types of granules are made by processes generically known as “wet granulation.” Granulating solvents such as ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol are often used to aid this type of granulation process. Since the effervescent couple is physically bound together in the granule, the gas generating reaction is usually quite vigorous, leading to rapid dissolution times. Another type of “wet granulation” product that is specific to effervescent products is known as “fusion” type granules. These granules are formed by reacting the organic acid and source of carbon dioxide with a small amount of water (or sometimes a hydrous alcohol granulating solvent, such as various commercial grades of ethanol or isopropyl alcohol) in a highly controlled way. Since the effervescent reaction generates carbon dioxide, fusion granules tend to be quite porous, which decreases their density and also their dissolution time. Accordingly, effervescent granules prepared by wet granulation or fusion type processes may be desirable for making orodispersible dosage forms or other dosage forms where quick dissolving/disintegrating properties are sought. Effervescent tablet dosage forms prepared through tableting, e.g., compression, of effervescent granules or powders are also included in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, combination formulations with reversable MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors (“RIMAs”) and the active ingredient (e.g., a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) may be provided for any of the dosage forms disclosed herein. Such combination formulations may include one or more of the following RIMAs: moclobemide, tolaxatone, brofaromine, caroxazone, eprobemide, methylene blue, metralindole, minaprine, harmaline, harmine, rosiridin, amiflamine, cimoxatone, sercloremine, CX157, befloxatone, esuprone, tetrindole 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT), α-methyl tryptamine (AMT), natural sources (e.g., syrian rue, tumeric, curcumin). Alternatively, the active ingredient (e.g., a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), formulated as any of the dosage forms disclosed herein, and a RIMA may be co-administered in separate dosage forms. Such a combination may improve the bioavailability (e.g., oral bioavailability) of the tryptamine derivative (e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) by minimizing enzymatic degradation mediated by MAO enzymes, such as deamination/oxidation processes. In some embodiments, the formulations described herein, including the combination formulations, may be used to treat general anxiety disorder (GAD) and/or depression.

Compliance with Monographs

In some embodiments, the formulations of the disclosure conform to certain industry accepted monographs to afford compliance with the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act. In particular, the formulations of the disclosure conform and are considered acceptable under visual inspection, uniformity of mass analysis, uniformity of content analysis, and/or dissolution/disintegration analysis all of which are established by a relevant monograph.

In some embodiments, throughout manufacturing certain procedures are validated and monitored by carrying out appropriate in-process controls. These are designed to guarantee the effectiveness of each stage of production. In-process controls during tablet production may include the moisture content of the final lubricated blend, the size of granules, the flow of the final mixture and, where relevant, the uniformity of mass of tablet cores before coating. In-process controls during tablet production may also include the dimensions (thickness, diameter), uniformity of mass, hardness and/or crushing force, friability, disintegration or dissolution rate (for example, for modified-release tablets) of the finished dosage form. Suitable test methods that may be used to demonstrate certain of these attributes arc known in the art.

In some embodiments, packaging maybe or is required to be adequate to protect the pharmaceutical compositions, including tablets, from light, moisture and damage during transportation.

In additional embodiments, the commercially available formulation (e.g., kit) complies with the labeling requirements established under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Such label includes:

(1) the name of the pharmaceutical product;

(2) the name(s) of the active ingredient(s); International Nonproprietary Names (INN) should be used wherever possible;

(3) the amount of the active ingredient(s) in each tablet and the number of tablets in the container;

(4) the batch (lot) number assigned by the manufacturer;

(5) the expiry date and, when required, the date of manufacture;

(6) any special storage conditions or handling precautions that may be necessary;

(7) directions for use, warnings, and precautions that may be necessary;

(8) the name and address of the manufacturer or the person responsible for placing the product on the market;

(9) for scored tablets where the directions for use include subdivision to provide doses of less than one tablet, the label should also include: the storage conditions for and the period of use of those subdivided part(s) not immediately taken or administered.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions, e.g., tablets, are able to withstand handling, including packaging and transportation, without losing their integrity.

The formulations of the disclosure may be used in the methods of the disclosure, e.g., methods of treatment of the disclosure. As such, the disclosure relates to the method of use of formulations or compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) of the disclosure, which contain a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment.

The dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) of the compounds administered can vary depending upon a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the compound to be administered; the disease/condition being treated; route of administration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index, and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the disease being treated; presence of other diseases or other health-related problems; kind of concurrent treatment; and complications from any disease or treatment regimen. Other therapeutic regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with the methods and compounds disclosed herein.

Therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans may be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring response to the treatment and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the subject and the compound or salt form thereof being employed. The dose administered to a subject, in the context of the pharmaceutical compositions presented herein, should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the subject over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached.

Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compounds effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

Routes of administration may include oral routes (e.g., enteral/gastric delivery, intraoral administration such buccal, lingual, and sublingual routes), parenteral routes (e.g., intravenous, intradermal, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular, intrasynovial, and subcutaneous administration), topical routes (e.g., conjuctival, intracorneal, intraocular, ophthalmic, auricular, transdermal, nasal (e.g., intranasal), vaginal, uretheral, respiratory, and rectal administration), inhalation, or others sufficient to affect a beneficial therapeutic response.

Administration may follow a continuous administration schedule, or an intermittent administration schedule. The administration schedule may be varied depending on the compound employed, the condition being treated, the administration route, etc. For example, administration may be performed once a day (QD), or in divided dosages throughout the day, such as 2-times a day (BID), 3-times a day (TID), 4-times a day (QID), or more. In some embodiments administration may be performed nightly (QHS). In some embodiments, the compounds/pharmaceutical compositions may be administered as needed (PRN). Administration may also be performed on a weekly basis, e.g., once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, every other week, every two weeks, etc., or less. The administration schedule may also designate a defined number of treatments per treatment course, for example, administration may be performed 1 time, 2 times, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, 6 times, 7 times, or 8 times per treatment course. Other administration schedules may also be deemed appropriate using sound medical judgement.

The dosing can be continuous (7 days of administration in a week) or intermittent, for example, depending on the pharmacokinetics and a particular subject's clearance/accumulation of the drug. If intermittently, the schedule may be, for example, 4 days of administration and 3 days off (rest days) in a week or any other intermittent dosing schedule deemed appropriate using sound medical judgement. For example, intermittent dosing may involve administration of a single dose within a treatment course. The dosing whether continuous or intermittent is continued for a particular treatment course, typically at least a 28-day cycle (1 month), which can be repeated with or without a drug holiday. Longer or shorter courses can also be used such as 14 days, 18 days, 21 days, 24 days, 35 days, 42 days, 48 days, or longer, or any range therebetween. The course may be repeated without a drug holiday or with a drug holiday depending upon the subject. Other schedules are possible depending upon the presence or absence of adverse events, response to the treatment, patient convenience, and the like.

Utilizing the teachings provided herein, an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not cause substantial toxicity or adverse side effects (e.g., caused by sedative or psychotomimetic toxic spikes in plasma concentration of any of the compounds), and yet is entirely effective to treat the clinical symptoms demonstrated by the particular patient. This planning should involve the careful choice of active compound and salt form by considering factors such as compound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight, presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode of administration, and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

A therapeutically effective dose of the compounds disclosed herein may vary depending on the variety of factors described above, but is typically that which provides the compound in an amount of about 0.00001 mg to about 10 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, or any range in between, e.g., about 0.00001 mg/kg, about 0.00005 mg/kg, about 0.0001 mg/kg, about 0.0005 mg/kg, about 0.001 mg/kg, about 0.005 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.6 mg/kg, about 0.7 mg/kg, about 0.8 mg/kg, about 0.9 mg/kg, about 1.0 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 3.0 mg/kg, about 4.0 mg/kg, about 5.0 mg/kg, about 6.0 mg/kg, about 7.0 mg/kg, about 8.0 mg/kg, about 9.0 mg/kg, about 10.0 mg/kg of the compound.

The compounds of the present disclosure may be administered at a psychedelic dose. Psychedelic dosing, by mouth or otherwise, may in some embodiments range from about 0.083 mg/kg, about 0.09 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.15 mg/kg, about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.25 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.35 mg/kg, about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.45 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, and up to about 5 mg/kg, about 4 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 0.95 mg/kg, about 0.9 mg/kg, about 0.85 mg/kg, about 0.8 mg/kg, about 0.75 mg/kg, about 0.7 mg/kg, about 0.65 mg/kg, about 0.6 mg/kg, about 0.55 mg/kg of the compound. Higher dosing may also be used in some embodiments, as described above. In some embodiments, psychedelic doses are administered once, with the possibility of repeat doses at least one week apart. In some instances, no more than 5 doses are given in any one course of treatment. Courses can be repeated as necessary, with or without a drug holiday. Such acute treatment regimens may be accompanied by psychotherapy, before, during, and/or after the psychedelic dose. These treatments are appropriate for a variety of mental health disorders disclosed herein, examples of which include, but are not limited to, major depressive disorder (MDD), therapy resistant depression (TRD), anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders (e.g., alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, smoking, and cocaine use disorder).

Administration of sub-psychoactive (yet still potentially serotonergic concentrations) concentrations may be performed in some embodiments to achieve durable therapeutic benefits, with decreased toxicity, and may thus be suitable for microdosing. Sub-psychedelic dosing, by mouth or otherwise, may in some embodiments range from about 0.00001 mg/kg, about 0.00005 mg/kg, about 0.0001 mg/kg, about 0.0005 mg/kg, about 0.001 mg/kg, about 0.005 mg/kg, about 0.006 mg/kg, about 0.008 mg/kg, about 0.009 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg, and less than about 0.083 mg/kg, about 0.08 mg/kg, about 0.075 mg/kg, about 0.07 mg/kg, about 0.06 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.04 mg/kg, about 0.03 mg/kg, about 0.02 mg/kg of the compound. Typically, sub-psychedelic doses are administered up to every day, for a treatment course (e.g., 1 month). However, there is no limitation on the number of doses at sub-psychedelic doses—dosing can be less frequent or more frequent as deemed appropriate. Courses can be repeated as necessary, with or without a drug holiday.

Sub-psychedelic dosing can be carried out, for example, by transdermal delivery, subcutaneous administration, orally, etc., via modified, controlled, slow, or extended release dosage forms, including, but not limited to, depot dosage forms, implants, patches, and pumps, which can be optionally remotely controlled. Here, doses would achieve similar blood levels as low oral dosing, but would nevertheless be sub-psychedelic.

Sub-psychedelic doses can be used, e.g., for the chronic treatment or maintenance of a variety of diseases or disorders disclosed herein, examples of which include, but are not limited to, depression (e.g., MDD), inflammation, pain, and neuroinflammation.

The compounds of present disclosure may be used for a maintenance regimen. As used herein, a “maintenance regimen” generally refers to the administration of the compounds of present disclosure following achievement of a target dose, e.g., following completion of an up-titration regimen, and/or following a positive clinical response, e.g., improvement of the patient's condition, either to the same drug or to a different drug. In some embodiments, the patient is administered a first drug for a therapeutic regimen and a second drug for a maintenance regimen, wherein the first and second drugs are different. For example, the patient may be administered a therapeutic regimen of a first drug which is not a tryptamine derivative (e.g., the first drug is a serotonergic psychedelic such as LSD, MDMA, etc., or a non-psychedelic drug), followed by a compound of the present disclosure (as the second drug) in a maintenance regimen. In another example, a different compound of the present disclosure is used for the therapeutic regimen (first drug) than is used for the maintenance regimen (second drug). In some embodiments, the patient is administered the same compound of the present disclosure for both a therapeutic regimen and a maintenance regimen. In any case, the maintenance dose may be used to ‘maintain’ the therapeutic response and/or to prevent occurrences of relapse. When the same compound of the present disclosure is used for both the original therapeutic regimen and for the maintenance regimen, the maintenance dose may be at or below the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is a psychedelic dose. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is a sub-psychedelic dose. Generally, dosing is carried out daily or intermittently for the maintenance regimen, however, maintenance regimens can also be carried out continuously, for example, over several days, weeks, months, or years. Moreover, the maintenance dose may be given to a patient over a long period of time, even chronically.

In some embodiments, the compound of the present disclosure is administered to the subject intravenously as a single bolus within a dosage range described above, e.g., about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.8 mg/kg, or about 0.2 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, or about 0.3 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the compound of the present disclosure is administered to the subject as a perfusion within the dosage range described above, e.g., about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.8 mg/kg, or about 0.2 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, or about 0.45 mg/kg. The perfusion may be administered over a duration of about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, for example. The compound of the present disclosure may be administered via perfusion at a rate of about 0.1 mg/min, 0.2 mg/min, 0.3 mg/min, 0.4 mg/min, 0.5 mg/min, 0.6 mg/min, 0.7 mg/min, 0.8 mg/min, 0.9 mg/min, 1 mg/min, 1.5 mg/min, 2 mg/min, 2.5 mg/min, 3 mg/min, 3.5 mg/min, 4 mg/min, 4.5 mg/min, 5 mg/min, or otherwise as deemed appropriate by a medical professional. In some embodiments, the compound of the present disclosure is administered to the subject intravenously as a bolus within the dosage range described above, e.g., about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.8 mg/kg, or about 0.2 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, or about 0.3 mg/kg, followed by a perfusion within the dosage range described above, e.g., about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.8 mg/kg, or about 0.2 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, or about 0.45 mg/kg.

The subjects treated herein may have a disease or disorder associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a neuropsychiatric disease or disorder or an inflammatory disease or disorder.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a central nervous system (CNS) disorder and/or psychological disorder, including, but not limited to, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, melancholic depression, atypical depression, dysthymia, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), bipolar and related disorders (including, but not limited to, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), acute psychedelic crisis, social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders (including, but not limited to, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, smoking, and cocaine use disorder), Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme disease, gambling disorder, eating disorders (including, but not limited to, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, etc.), and paraphilic disorders (including, but not limited to, pedophilic disorder, exhibitionistic disorder, voyeuristic disorder, fetishistic disorder, sexual masochism or sadism disorder, and transvestic disorder, etc.), sexual dysfunction (e.g., low libido), and obesity.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are used to treat a subject with a depressive disorder. As used herein, the terms “depressive disorder” or “depression” refers to a group of disorders characterized by low mood that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being lasting for a period of time. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder disrupts the physical and psychological functions of a person. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder causes a physical symptom such as weight loss, aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder causes a psychological symptom such as persistent sadness, anxiety, feelings of hopelessness and irritability, feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness, loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities, difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is major depressive disorder (MDD), atypical depression, bipolar disorder, catatonic depression, depressive disorder due to a medical condition, postpartum depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, seasonal affective disorder, or treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is major depressive disorder (MDD). As used herein, the term “major depressive disorder” refers to a condition characterized by a time period of low mood that is present across most situations. Major depressive disorder is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause. In some instances, major depressive order is characterized by symptoms of depression lasting at least two weeks. In some instances, an individual experiences periods of depression separated by years. In some instances, an individual experiences symptoms of depression that are nearly always present. Major depressive disorder can negatively affect a person's personal, work, or school life, as well as sleeping, eating habits, and general health. Approximately 2-7% of adults with major depressive disorder commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had major depressive disorder or another related mood disorder. Dysthymia is a subtype of major depressive disorder consisting of the same cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms. Exemplary symptoms of a major depressive disorder include, but are not limited to, feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness, angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters, loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much, tiredness and lack of energy, reduced appetite, weight loss or gain, anxiety, agitation or restlessness, slowed thinking, speaking, or body movements, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame, trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions, and remembering things, frequent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, or suicide, and unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches.

As used herein, the term “atypical depression” refers to a condition wherein an individual shows signs of mood reactivity (i.e., mood brightens in response to actual or potential positive events), significant weight gain, increase in appetite, hypersomnia, heavy, leaden feelings in arms or legs, and/or long-standing pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity that results in significant social or occupational impairment. Exemplary symptoms of atypical depression include, but are not limited to, daily sadness or depressed mood, loss of enjoyment in things that were once pleasurable, major changes in weight (gain or loss) or appetite, insomnia or excessive sleep almost every day, a state of physical restlessness or being rundown that is noticeable by others, daily fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or excessive guilt almost every day, problems with concentration or making decisions almost every day, recurring thoughts of death or suicide, suicide plan, or suicide attempt.

As used herein, the term “bipolar disorder” refers to a condition that causes an individual to experience unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to day tasks. Individuals with bipolar disorder experience periods of unusually intense emotion, changes in sleep patterns and activity levels, and unusual behaviors. These distinct periods are called “mood episodes.” Mood episodes are drastically different from the moods and behaviors that are typical for the person. Exemplary symptoms of mania, excessive behavior, include, but are not limited to, abnormally upbeat, jumpy, or wired behavior; increased activity, energy, or agitation, exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence, decreased need for sleep, unusual talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, and poor decision-making—for example, going on buying sprees, taking sexual risks, or making foolish investments. Exemplary symptoms of depressive episodes or low mood, include, but are not limited to, depressed mood, such as feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, or tearfulness; marked loss of interest or feeling no pleasure in all—or almost all—activities, significant weight loss, weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping or excessive sleepiness), restlessness or slowed behavior, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt, decreased ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, and thinking about, planning or attempting suicide. Bipolar disorder includes bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. Bipolar I disorder is defined by manic episodes that last at least 7 days or by severe manic symptoms that require hospitalization. A subject with bipolar I disorder may also experience depressive episodes typically lasting at least 2 weeks. Episodes of depression with mixed features, i.e., depressive and manic symptoms at the same time, are also possible. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by a pattern of depressive and hypomanic episodes, but not severe manic episodes typical of bipolar I disorder. Cyclothymic disorder (also referred to as cyclothymia) is characterized by periods of hypomanic symptoms (elevated mood and euphoria) and depressive symptoms lasting over a period of at least 2 years. The mood fluctuations are not sufficient in number, severity, or duration to meet the full criteria for a hypomanic or depressive episode.

As used herein, the term “catatonic depression” refers to a condition causing an individual to remain speechless and motionless for an extended period. Exemplary symptoms of catatonic depression include, but are not limited to, feelings of sadness, which can occur daily, a loss of interest in most activities, sudden weight gain or loss, a change in appetite, trouble falling asleep, trouble getting out of bed, feelings of restlessness, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of guilt, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, difficulty thinking, difficulty making decisions, thoughts of suicide or death, and/or a suicide attempt.

As used herein, the term “depressive disorder due to a medical condition” refers to a condition wherein an individual experiences depressive symptoms caused by another illness. Examples of medical conditions known to cause a depressive disorder include, but are not limited to, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, arthritis, strokes, brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, metabolic conditions (e.g. vitamin B12 deficiency), autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus and rheumatoid arthritis), viral or other infections (hepatitis, mononucleosis, herpes), back pain, and cancer (e.g., pancreatic cancer).

As used herein, the term “postpartum depression” refers to a condition as the result of childbirth and hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, and/or fatigue. Postpartum depression is often associated with women, but men can also suffer from postpartum depression as well. Exemplary symptoms of postpartum depression include, but are not limited to, feelings of sadness, hopeless, emptiness, or overwhelmed; crying more often than usual or for no apparent reason; worrying or feeling overly anxious; feeling moody, irritable, or restless; oversleeping, or being unable to sleep even when the baby is asleep; having trouble concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions; experiencing anger or rage; losing interest in activities that are usually enjoyable; suffering from physical aches and pains, including frequent headaches, stomach problems, and muscle pain; eating too little or too much; withdrawing from or avoiding friends and family; having trouble bonding or forming an emotional attachment with the baby; persistently doubting his or ability to care for the baby; and thinking about harming themselves or the baby.

As used herein, the term “premenstrual dysphoric disorder” refers to a condition wherein an individual expresses mood lability, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms that occur repeatedly during the premenstrual phase of the cycle and remit around the onset of menses or shortly thereafter. Exemplary symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder includes, but are not limited to, lability (e.g., mood swings), irritability or anger, depressed mood, anxiety and tension, decreased interest in usual activities, difficulty in concentration, lethargy and lack of energy, change in appetite (e.g., overeating or specific food cravings), hypersomnia or insomnia, feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms (e.g., breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of ‘bloating’ and weight gain), self-deprecating thoughts, feelings of being keyed up or on edge, decreased interest in usual activities (e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies), subjective difficulty in concentration, and easy fatigability.

As used herein, the term “seasonal affective disorder” refers to a condition wherein an individual experiences mood changes based on the time of the year. In some instances, an individual experiences low mood, low energy, or other depressive symptoms during the fall and/or winter season. In some instances, an individual experiences low mood, low energy, or other depressive symptoms during the spring and/or summer season. Exemplary symptoms of seasonal affective disorder include, but are not limited to, feeling depressed most of the day or nearly every day, losing interest in activities once found enjoyable, having low energy, having problems with sleeping, experiencing changes in appetite or weight, feeling sluggish or agitated, having difficulty concentrating, feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, and having frequent thoughts of death or suicide.

In some embodiments, a depressive disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on the criteria and classification from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed. In some embodiments, a depressive disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on an independent medical evaluation.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein are provided to a subject with depression that is resistant to treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has been diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The term “treatment-resistant depression” refers to a kind of depression that does not respond or is resistant to at least one or more treatment attempts of adequate dose and duration. In some embodiments, the subject with treatment-resistant depression has failed to respond to 1 treatment attempt, 2 treatment attempts, 3 treatment attempts, 4 treatment attempts, 5 treatment attempts, or more. In some embodiments, the subject with treatment-resistant depression has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder and has failed to respond to 3 or more treatment attempts. In some embodiments, the subject with treatment resistant depression has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and has failed to respond to 1 treatment attempt.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein reduce at least one sign or symptom of a depressive disorder. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein reduce at least one sign or symptom of a depressive disorder by between about 5% and about 100%, for example, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, or more, compared to prior to treatment.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is an anxiety disorder. As used herein, the term “anxiety disorder” refers to a state of apprehension, uncertainty, and/or fear resulting from the anticipation of an event and/or situation. Anxiety disorders cause physiological and psychological signs or symptoms. Non-limiting examples of physiological symptoms include muscle tension, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, tachycardia, tremor, fatigue, worry, irritability, and disturbed sleep. Non-limiting examples of psychological symptoms include fear of dying, fear of embarrassment or humiliation, fear of an event occurring, etc. Anxiety disorders also impair a subject's cognition, information processing, stress levels, and immune response. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein treat chronic anxiety disorders. As used herein, a “chronic” anxiety disorder is recurring. Examples of anxiety disorders include, but are not limited to, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, panic attack, a phobia-related disorder (e.g., phobias related to flying, heights, specific animals such as spiders/dogs/snakes, receiving injections, blood, etc., agoraphobia), separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, anxiety due to a medical condition, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), substance-induced anxiety disorder, etc.

In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof develops an anxiety disorder after experiencing the effects of a disease. The effects of a disease include diagnosis of an individual with said disease, diagnosis of an individual's loved ones with said disease, social isolation due to said disease, quarantine from said disease, or social distancing as a result of said disease. In some embodiments, an individual is quarantined to prevent the spread of the disease. In some embodiments, the disease is COVID-19, SARS, or MERS. In some embodiments, a subject develops an anxiety disorder after job loss, loss of housing, or fear of not finding employment.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry, fatigue, restlessness, increased muscle aches or soreness, impaired concentration, irritability, and/or difficulty sleeping. In some embodiments, a subject with generalized anxiety disorder does not have associated panic attacks. In some embodiments, the methods herein are provided to a subject with generalized anxiety disorder also having symptoms of depression. In some embodiments, after treating the symptom(s) is reduced compared to prior to treating by about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is social anxiety disorder. As used herein, “social anxiety disorder” is a marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Non-limiting examples of situations which induce social anxiety include social interactions (e.g., having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (e.g., eating or drinking), and performing in front of others (e.g., giving a speech). In some embodiments, the social anxiety disorder is restricted to speaking or performing in public. In some embodiments, treating according to the methods of the disclosure reduces or ameliorates a symptom of social anxiety disorder. In some embodiments, after treating the symptom is reduced compared to prior to treating by about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a compulsive disorder, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body-focused repetitive behavior, hoarding disorder, gambling disorder, compulsive buying, compulsive internet use, compulsive video gaming, compulsive sexual behavior, compulsive eating, compulsive exercise, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, dermatillomania, trichotillomania, excoriation, substance-induced obsessive compulsive and related disorder, or an obsessive-compulsive disorder due to another medical condition, etc., or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

In some embodiments, at least one sign or symptom of an anxiety disorder is improved following treatment disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a sign or symptom of an anxiety disorder is measured according to a diary assessment, an assessment by a clinician or caregiver, or a clinical scale. In some embodiments, treatment causes a demonstrated improvement in one or more of the following: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire-IV (GADQ-IV), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Brief Trauma Questionnaire (BTQ), Combat Exposure Scale (CES), Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD (M-PTSD), Posttraumatic Maladaptive Beliefs Scale (PMBS), Perceived Threat Scale (DRRI-2 Section: G), PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview for DSM-5 (PSS-I-5), Structured Interview for PTSD (SI-PTSD), Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS-5), Potential Stressful Events Interview (PSEI), Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire (SLESQ), Spielberger's Trait and Anxiety, Generalized Anxiety Dis-order 7-Item Scale, The Psychiatric Institute Trichotillomania Scale (PITS), The MGH Hairpulling Scale (MGH-HPS), The NIMH Trichotillomania Severity Scale (NIMH-TSS), The NIMH Trichotillomania Impairment Scale (NIMH-TIS), The Clinical Global Impression (CGI), the Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS), The Panic Attack Questionnaire (PAQ), Panic Disorder Severity Scale, Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FOCI), The Leyton Obsessional Inventory Survey Form, The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI), The Schedule of Compulsions, Obsessions, and Pathological Impulses (SCOPI), Padua Inventory-Revised (PI-R), Quality of Life (QoL), The Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) scale, The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Second Edition (Y-BOCS-II), The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS), The National Institute of Mental Health-Global Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (NIMH-GOCS), The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Self-Report (Y-BOCS-SR), The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Re-vised (OCI-R), and the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, treating according to the methods of the disclosure results in an improvement in an anxiety disorder compared to pre-treatment of about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, according to any one of the diary assessments, assessments by a clinical or caregiver, or clinical scales, described herein or known in the art.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is attention deficit disorder (ADD). ADD is most commonly diagnosed in children under the age of 16 who have 6 or more symptoms of inattention (5 or more for older teenagers) for at least 6 consecutive months, but no signs of hyperactivity/impulsivity. The symptoms of inattention include, but are not limited to, trouble paying attention, avoids long mental tasks such as homework, trouble staying on task, disorganized or forgetful, doesn't appear to listen when spoken to, doesn't pay close attention to details. Loses things often, makes careless mistakes, and struggles to follow through with instructions. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms may often include, but are not limited to, fidgeting or squirming while seated, leaving their seats in situations where staying seated is expected, running, dashing, or climbing around at inappropriate times, being unable to engage in hobbies quietly, being constantly in motion, talking excessively, answering questions before they are fully asked, having difficulty waiting for one's turn, and interrupting or intruding on others during conversations or activities.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a headache disorder. As used herein, the term “headache disorder” refers to a disorder characterized by recurrent headaches. Headache disorders include migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache, and chronic daily headache syndrome.

In some embodiments, a method of treating cluster headaches in a subject in need thereof is disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least one sign or symptom of cluster headache is improved following treatment. In some embodiments, the sign or symptom of cluster headache is measured according to a diary assessment, a physical or psychological assessment by clinician, an imaging test, or a neurological examination. Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder and belongs to the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. The definition of cluster headaches is a unilateral headache with at least one autonomic symptom ipsilateral to the headache. Attacks are characterized by severe unilateral pain predominantly in the first division of the trigeminal nerve—the fifth cranial nerve whose primary function is to provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. Attacks are also associated with prominent unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms and subjects often experience agitation and restlessness during attacks. In some embodiments, a subject with cluster headaches also experiences nausea and/or vomiting. In some embodiments, a subject with cluster headaches experiences unilateral pain, excessive tearing, facial flushing, a droopy eyelid, a constricted pupil, eye redness, swelling under or around one or both eyes, sensitivity to light, nausea, agitation, and restlessness.

In some embodiments, a method of treating migraines in a subject in need thereof is disclosed herein. A migraine is a moderate to severe headache that affects one half or both sides of the head, is pulsating in nature, and last from 2 to 72 hours. Symptoms of migraine include headache, nausea, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to sound, sensitivity to smell, dizziness, difficulty speaking, vertigo, vomiting, seizure, distorted vision, fatigue, or loss of appetite. Some subjects also experience a prodromal phase, occurring hours or days before the headache, and/or a postdromal phase following headache resolution. Prodromal and postdromal symptoms include hyperactivity, hypoactivity, depression, cravings for particular foods, repetitive yawning, fatigue and neck stiffness and/or pain. In some embodiments, the migraine is a migraine without aura, a migraine with aura, a chronic migraine, an abdominal migraine, a basilar migraine, a menstrual migraine, an ophthalmoplegic migraine, an ocular migraine, an ophthalmic migraine, or a hemiplegic migraine. In some embodiments, the migraine is a migraine without aura. A migraine without aura involves a migraine headache that is not accompanied by a headache. In some embodiments, the migraine is a migraine with aura. A migraine with aura is primarily characterized by the transient focal neurological symptoms that usually precede or sometimes accompany the headache. Less commonly, an aura can occur without a headache, or with a non-migraine headache. In some embodiments, the migraine is a hemiplegic migraine. A hemiplegic migraine is a migraine with aura and accompanying motor weakness. In some embodiments, the hemiplegic migraine is a familial hemiplegic migraine or a sporadic hemiplegic migraine. In some embodiments, the migraine is a basilar migraine. A subject with a basilar migraine has a migraine headache and an aura accompanied by difficulty speaking, world spinning, ringing in ears, or a number of other brainstem-related symptoms, not including motor weakness. In some embodiments, the migraine is a menstrual migraine. A menstrual migraine occurs just before and during menstruation. In some embodiments, the subject has an abdominal migraine. Abdominal migraines are often experienced by children. Abdominal migraines are not headaches, but instead stomach aches. In some embodiments, a subject with abdominal migraines develops migraine headaches. In some embodiments, the subject has an ophthalmic migraine also called an “ocular migraine.” Subjects with ocular migraines experience vision or blindness in one eye for a short time with or after a migraine headache. In some embodiments, a subject has an ophthalmoplegic migraine. Ophthalmoplegic migraines are recurrent attacks of migraine headaches associated with paresis of one or more ocular cranial nerves. In some embodiments, the subject in need of treatment experiences chronic migraines. As defined herein, a subject with chronic migraines has more than fifteen headache days per month. In some embodiments, the subject in need of treatment experiences episodic migraines. As defined herein, a subject with episodic migraines has less than fifteen headache days per month.

In some embodiments, a method of treating chronic daily headache syndrome (CDHS) in a subject in need thereof is disclosed herein. A subject with CDHS has a headache for more than four hours on more than 15 days per month. Some subjects experience these headaches for a period of six months or longer. CHDS affects 4% of the general population. Chronic migraine, chronic tension-type headaches, new daily persistent headache, and medication overuse headaches account for the vast majority of chronic daily headaches.

In some embodiments, after treating according to the methods of the disclosure, the frequency of headaches and/or related symptoms decreases by about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, compared to prior to said treating.

In some embodiments, after treating according to the methods of the disclosure, the length of a headache attack decreases by about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, compared to prior to said treating.

In some embodiments, at least one sign or symptom of headache disorder is improved following administration of a compound disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a sign or symptom of a headache disorder is measured according to a diary assessment, an assessment by a clinician or caregiver, or a clinical scale. In some embodiments, treatment of the present disclosure causes a demonstrated improvement in one or more of the following: the Visual Analog Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, the Short Form Health Survey, Profile of Mood States, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Major Depression Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, the 5-Level EuroQoL-5D, the Headache Impact Test; the ID-migraine; the 3-item screener; the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the 50 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; both the original BD151 and the second edition, BDI-1152), the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire (MI-DAS), the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire version 2.1 (MSQ v2.1), the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), the Short-form 36 (SF-36), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, treating according to the methods of the disclosure results in an improvement in a headache disorder compared to pre-treatment of about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, according to any one of the diary assessments, assessments by a clinical or caregiver, or clinical scales, described herein or known in the art. In some embodiments, the sign or symptom of the headache disorder is measured according to a diary assessment, a physical or psychological assessment by clinician, an imaging test, an electroencephalogram, a blood test, a neurological examination, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the blood test evaluates blood chemistry and/or vitamins.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a substance use disorder. Substance addictions which can be treated using the methods herein include addictions to addictive substances/agents such as recreational drugs and addictive medications. Examples of addictive substances/agents include, but are not limited to, alcohol, e.g., ethyl alcohol, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), caffeine, nicotine, cannabis (marijuana) and cannabis derivatives, opiates and other morphine-like opioid agonists such as heroin, phencyclidine and phencyclidine-like compounds, sedative hypnotics such as benzodiazepines, methaqualone, mecloqualone, etaqualone and barbiturates and psychostimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines and amphetamine-related drugs such as dextroamphetamine and methylamphetamine. Examples of addictive medications include, e.g., benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and pain medications including alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, cyclazocine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levallorphan, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofenitanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, OXYCONTIN®, oxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, propheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene sufentanil, tramadol, and tilidine. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is alcohol use disorder (AUD). In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is nicotine use (e.g., smoking) disorder, and the therapy is used for e.g., smoking cessation.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides for the management of sexual dysfunction, which may include, but is not limited to, sexual desire disorders, for example, decreased libido; sexual arousal disorders, for example, those causing lack of desire, lack of arousal, pain during intercourse, and orgasm disorders such as anorgasmia; and erectile dysfunction; particularly sexual dysfunction disorders stemming from psychological factors.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is an eating disorder. As used herein, the term “eating disorder” refers to any of a range of psychological disorders characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. Non-limiting examples of eating disorders include pica, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, binge-eating disorder, other specified feeding or eating disorder, unspecified feeding or eating disorder, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the eating disorder is pica, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, binge-eating disorder, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein treat chronic eating disorders. As used herein, a “chronic” eating disorder is recurring. In some embodiments, at least one sign or symptom of an eating disorder is improved following administration of a compound disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a sign or symptom of an eating disorder is measured according to a diary assessment, an assessment by a clinician or caregiver, or a clinical scale. Non-limiting examples of clinical scales, diary assessments, and assessments by a clinician or caregiver include: the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), the Eating Disorder Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short Form (EDE-QS), the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale-State and Trait version (PASTAS), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Eating Disorder Readiness Ruler (ED-RR), Visual Analogue Rating Scales (VAS), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Yale-Brown Cornell Eating Disorder Scale (YBC-EDS), Yale-Brown Cornell Eating Disorder Scale Self Report (YBC-EDS-SRQ), the Body Image State Scale (BISS), Clinical impairment assessment (CIA) questionnaire, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) (e.g. version 3: EDI-3), the Five Dimension Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire (5D-ASC), the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), the Life Changes Inventory (LCI), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, treating according to the methods of the disclosure results in an improvement in an eating disorder compared to pre-treatment of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, according to any one of the diary assessments, assessments by a clinical or caregiver, or clinical scales, described herein or known in the art.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic, inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that involves an immune-mediated attack on the central nervous system. Myelin and the oligodendrocytes that form myelin appear to be the primary targets of the inflammatory attack, although the axons themselves are also damaged. MS disease activity can be monitored by cranial scans, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, accumulation of disability, as well as rate and severity of relapses. The diagnosis of clinically definite MS as determined by the Poser criteria requires at least two neurological events suggesting demyelination in the CNS separated in time and in location. Various MS disease stages and/or types are described in Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (Duntiz, 1999). Among them, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common form at the time of initial diagnosis. Many subjects with RRMS have an initial relapsing-remitting course for 5-15 years, which then advances into the secondary progressive MS (SPMS) disease course. Relapses result from inflammation and demyelination, whereas restoration of nerve conduction and remission is accompanied by resolution of inflammation, redistribution of sodium channels on demyelinated axons and remyelination. In some embodiments, the multiple sclerosis is relapsing multiple sclerosis. In some embodiments, the relapsing multiple sclerosis is relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In some embodiments, the methods herein reduce a symptom of multiple sclerosis in the subject. In some embodiments, the symptom is a MRI-monitored multiple sclerosis disease activity, relapse rate, accumulation of physical disability, frequency of relapses, decreased tune to confirmed disease progression, decreased time to confirmed relapse, frequency of clinical exacerbation, brain atrophy, neuronal dysfunction, neuronal injury, neuronal degeneration, neuronal apoptosis, risk for confirmed progression, deterioration of visual function, fatigue, impaired mobility, cognitive impairment, reduction of brain volume, abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, deterioration in general health status, functional status, quality of life, and/or symptom severity on work. In some embodiments, the methods herein decrease or inhibit reduction of brain volume. In some embodiments, brain volume is measured by percent brain volume change (PBVC). In some embodiments, the methods herein increase time to confirmed disease progression. In some embodiments, time to confirmed disease progression is increased by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, for example at least 20-60%. In some embodiments, the methods herein decrease abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram. In some embodiments, the accumulation of physical disability is measured by Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. In some embodiments, the accumulation of physical disability is assessed by the time to confirmed disease progression as measured by Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease or disorder characterized by, or otherwise associated with, neuroinflammation. Treatment herein may provide cognitive benefits to subject's suffering from neurological and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and other dementia subtypes, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophc lateral sclerosis (ALS), and others where neuroinflammation is a hallmark of disease pathophysiology and progression. For example, emerging psychedelic research/clinical evidence indicates that psychedelics may be useful as disease-modifying treatments in subjects suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. See Vann Jones, S. A. and O'Kelly, A. “Psychedelics as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia” Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 21, August 2020; Kozlowska, U., Nichols, C., Wiatr, K., and Figiel, M. (2021), “From psychiatry to neurology: Psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders” Journal of Neurochemistry, 00, 1-20; Garcia-Romeu, A., Darcy, S., Jackson, H., White, T., Rosenberg, P. (2021), “Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms” In: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. For example, psychedelics are thought to stimulate neurogenesis, provoke neuroplastic changes, and to reduce neuroinflammation. Thus, in some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure are used for the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia subtypes, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophc lateral sclerosis (ALS), where neuroinflammation is associated with disease pathogenesis. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure are used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure are used for the treatment of dementia. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure are used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure are used for the treatment of amyotrophc lateral sclerosis (ALS). As described above, such treatment may stimulate neurogenesis, provoke neuroplastic changes, and/or provide neuroinflammatory benefits (e.g., reduced neuroinflammation compared to prior to the beginning of treatment), and as a result, may slow or prevent disease progression, slow or reverse brain atrophy, and reduce symptoms associated therewith (e.g., memory loss in the case of Alzheimer's and related dementia disorders). While not limited thereto, pharmaceutical compositions adapted for oral and/or extended-release dosing (e.g., subcutaneous) are appropriate for such treatment methods, with sub-psychedelic dosing being preferred. In some embodiments, treating according to the methods of the disclosure results in an improvement in cognition in subject's suffering from a neurological or neurodegenerative disease compared to pre-treatment of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, according to any one of a diary assessments, assessments by a clinical or caregiver, or clinical scales, described herein or known in the art.

Further, many of the behavioral issues associated with chronic and/or life-threatening illnesses, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, may benefit from treatment with the compounds/salt forms disclosed herein. Indeed, depression, anxiety, or stress can be common among patients who have chronic and/or life-threatening illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis), cancer, coronary heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, hypothyroidism, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. For example, depression is common in Alzheimer's disease as a consequence of the disease, as well as being a risk factor for the disease itself. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress can occur after diagnosis with the disease or illness. Patients that have depression, anxiety, or stress concurrent with another medical disease or illness can have more severe symptoms of both illnesses and symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress can continue even as a patient's physical health improves. Compounds/salt forms described herein can be used to treat depression, anxiety, and/or stress associated with a chronic or life-threatening disease or illness.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the methods herein are used to treat symptoms, e.g., depression, anxiety, and/or stress, associated with a chronic and/or life-threatening disease or disorder, including neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein reduce at least one sign or symptom of a neurological and/or neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein reduce at least one sign or symptom of a neurological and/or neurodegenerative disease (e.g., depression, anxiety, and/or stress) by between about 5% and about 100%, for example, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, or more, compared to prior to treatment, e.g., according to any one of the diary assessments, assessments by a clinical or caregiver, or clinical scales, described herein or known in the art.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is Alzheimer's disease. In some embodiments, the methods herein are used for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and/or stress associated with Alzheimer's disease. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is Parkinson's disease. In some embodiments, the methods herein are used for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and/or stress associated with Parkinson's disease. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is amyotrophc lateral sclerosis (ALS). In some embodiments, the methods herein are used for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and/or stress associated with amyotrophc lateral sclerosis (ALS). In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is cancer related depression and anxiety. As discussed above, oral and/or extended-release dosing is appropriate for such applications, particularly when blood concentrations of active ingredient are kept below the psychedelic threshold.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein are used for treatment of brain injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is an injury to the brain caused by an external force, and can be classified based on severity, ranging from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI/concussion) to severe traumatic brain injury. TBI can also be categorized by mechanism, as either a closed or penetrating head injury, or other features such as whether it is occurring in a specific location or over a widespread area. TBI can result in physical, cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral symptoms, which may be treated herein. Some of the imaging techniques used for diagnosis and recovery markers include computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs).

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a neurological and developmental disorder such as autism spectrum disorder, including Asperger's syndrome. For example, Asperger's syndrome is a subtype of autism spectrum disorder that is treatable with anxiety drugs. Subjects with autism spectrum disorder may present with various signs and symptoms, including, but not limited to, a preference for non-social stimuli, aberrant non-verbal social behaviors, decreased attention to social stimuli, irritability, anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety and social anxiety in particular), and depression. In some embodiments, the autism spectrum disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on the criteria and classification from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed (DSM-5). Current evidence supports the use of psychedelics for ameliorating behavior atypicalities of autism spectrum disorder, including reduced social behavior, anxiety, and depression (see Markopoulos A, Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G. Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 12:749068). The signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder may be treated with the methods herein.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a genetic condition that causes learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. An example of such a genetic condition is fragile X syndrome, caused by changes in the gene Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1), which can cause mild to moderate intellectual disabilities in most males and about one-third of affected females. Fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder are closely associated because the FMR1 gene is a leading genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder (see Markopoulos A, Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G. Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 12:749068). Subjects with fragile X syndrome may display anxiety, hyperactive behavior (e.g., fidgeting and impulsive actions), attention deficit disorder, mood and aggression abnormalities, poor recognition memory, and/or features of autism spectrum disorder, and these signs and symptoms may be treated with the methods herein. Clinical trials with psychedelics for the treatment of fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder are currently ongoing (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04869930).

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is mental distress, e.g., mental distress in frontline healthcare workers.

In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions disclosed herein are used for treatment of tic disorders, including Tourette's Syndrome, which is also variously referred to as Tourette Syndrome, Tourette's Disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), or simply Tourette's or TS. The tic disorder may also be a pediatric autoimmune disorder associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS), a transient tic disorder, a chronic tic disorder, or a tic disorder not otherwise specified (NOS). Tic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic movements), or similarly by the World Health Organization (ICD-10 codes). Tics are involuntary or semi-voluntary, sudden, brief, intermittent, repetitive movements (motor) or sounds (phonic) that are classified as simple or complex. Simple tics, for example, eye blinking or facial grimacing, are relatively easy to camouflage and may go largely unnoticed. Complex tics, such as body contortions, self-injurious behavior, obscene gestures, or shouting of socially inappropriate word or phrases, can appear to be purposeful actions and are particularly distressing. Transient tic disorders are generally characterized by multiple motor and/or phonic tics that occur for at least four weeks but less than 12 months. Chronic tic disorders are generally characterized by either single or multiple motor or phonic tics, but not both, which are present for more than a year. Tourette's Syndrome is diagnosed when both motor and phonic tics are present (although not necessarily concurrently) for more than one year. Thus, Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of fluctuating motor and phonic tics. The typical age of onset is between five and seven years. Affected children may become the target of teasing by peers, which in turn can result in low self-esteem, social isolation, poor school performance, depression and anxiety. In addition to causing social embarrassment, sudden, forceful tics can be painful, and violent head and neck tics have been reported to cause secondary neurologic deficits, such as compressive cervical myelopathy. Tourette's Syndrome patients are also at increased risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Tic disorder NOS is diagnosed when tics are present but do not meet the criteria for any specific tic disorder. The methods of the present disclosure can also be used for the treatment of tics induced as a side effect of a medication; tics associated with autism; and Tourettism (the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of Tourette's Syndrome (e.g., as a result of another disease or condition, such as a sporadic, genetic, or neurodegenerative disorder)).

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may include conditions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may include pulmonary disorders (e.g., asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may include cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis).

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the method of use of formulations or compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) of the disclosure, which contain a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., for the treatment of pain. As such, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for the management of different kinds of pain, including but not limited to refractory cancer pain, neurologic pain, postoperative pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), migraine, e.g., with aura, and other conditions including depression, alcohol dependence, refractory asthma, epilepsy, acute brain injury and stroke, Alzheimer's disease and other disorders comprising an oral administration of the formulations of the disclosure, described herein. In some embodiments, the use of formulations of the disclosure may be used as a standalone therapy. In some embodiments, the use of formulations of the disclosure may be used as an adjuvant/combination therapy.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides for the management of different kinds of pain, including but not limited to cancer pain, e.g., refractory cancer pain; neuropathic pain; opioid-induced hyperalgesia and opioid-related tolerance; neurologic pain; postoperative/post-surgical pain; complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS); shock; limb amputation; severe chemical or thermal burn injury; sprains, ligament tears, fractures, wounds and other tissue injuries; dental surgery, procedures and maladies; labor and delivery; during physical therapy; radiation poisoning; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); epidural (or peridural) fibrosis; orthopedic pain; back pain; failed back surgery and failed laminectomy; sciatica; painful sickle cell crisis; arthritis; autoimmune disease; intractable bladder pain; pain associated with certain viruses, e.g., shingles pain or herpes pain; acute nausea, e.g., pain that may be causing the nausea or the abdominal pain that frequently accompanies sever nausea; migraine, e.g., with aura; and other conditions including depression (e.g., acute depression or chronic depression), depression along with pain, alcohol dependence, acute agitation, refractory asthma, acute asthma (e.g., unrelated pain conditions can induce asthma), epilepsy, acute brain injury and stroke, Alzheimer's disease and other disorders. In addition, the disclosure includes the treatment/management of any combination of these types of pain or conditions.

In some embodiments, the pain treated/managed is acute breakthrough pain or pain related to wind-up that can occur in a chronic pain condition.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated/managed is cancer pain, e.g., refractory cancer pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated/managed is post-surgical pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated/managed is orthopedic pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated/managed is back pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated/managed is neuropathic pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated/managed is dental pain.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the condition treated/managed is depression.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pain treated/managed is chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is arthritis. Types of arthritis include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, childhood arthritis, fibromyalgia, gout, and lupus. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is osteoarthritis. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is rheumatoid arthritis. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is childhood arthritis. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is gout. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is lupus. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues. Fibromyalgia is believed to amplify painful sensations by affecting brain and spinal cord processes involving painful and nonpainful signaling. Symptoms often begin after an event, such as physical trauma, surgery, infection or significant psychological stress. In other cases, symptoms gradually accumulate over time with no single triggering event. Women are more likely to develop fibromyalgia than are men. Many people who have fibromyalgia also have tension headaches, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety and depression.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a term for two conditions, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with such prolonged inflammation resulting in damage to the GI tract. Subjects suffering from IBD may experience persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding/bloody stools, weight loss, and fatigue. IBD may be diagnosed, and treatment may be monitored, using one or more of endoscopy, colonoscopy, contrast radiography, MRI, computed tomography (CT), stool samples, and blood tests, known by those of ordinary skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a sleep disorder such as narcolepsy, insomnia, nightmare disorder, sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, hypopnea, sleep-related hypoventilation, restless legs syndrome, and jet lag. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is narcolepsy.

In embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating a disease or condition by modulating NMDA activity, where the method comprises administering an effective amount of any of the compounds described herein (e.g., a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein) to a subject in need thereof. In embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from: levodopa-induced dyskinesia; dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's dementia), tinnitus, treatment resistant depression (TRD), major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain, agitation resulting from or associated with Alzheimer's disease, pseudobulbar effect, autism, Bulbar function, generalized anxiety disorder, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, diabetic neuropathy, acute pain, depression, bipolar depression, suicidality, neuropathic pain, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In embodiments, the disease or condition is a psychiatric or mental disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, mood disorder, substance induced psychosis, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, bipolar depression (BDep), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicidal ideation, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and treatment-resistant depression (TRD)). In other embodiments, the disease or condition is a neurological disorder (e.g., Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)).

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating an ocular disease, such as uveitis, corneal disease, iritis, iridocyclitis, glaucoma, and cataracts, by administering ophthalmically a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure to a subject in need thereof. For example, compounds/salt forms herein may be administered in the form of solutions, suspensions, ointments, emulsions, gel-forming solutions, powders for solutions, gels, ocular inserts, and implants. In some embodiments, the dosage form administered is an eye drop formulation.

The administering physician can provide a method of treatment that is prophylactic or therapeutic by adjusting the amount and timing of any of the compounds described herein on the basis of observations of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition being treated.

In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may be used as a standalone therapy. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may be used as an adjuvant/combination therapy. In some embodiments, the subject with a disorder is administered a compound of the present disclosure and at least one additional therapy and/or therapeutic. In some embodiments, administration of an additional therapy and/or therapeutic is prior to administration of the compound of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, administration of an additional therapy and/or therapeutic is after administration of the compound of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, administration of an additional therapy and/or therapeutic is concurrent with administration of the compound of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the additional therapy is an antidepressant, an anticonvulsant, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, an antipsychotic, an anxiolytic, an anti-inflammatory drug, a benzodiazepine, an analgesic drug, a cardiovascular drug, an opioid antagonist, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional therapy is a benzodiazepine. In some embodiments, the benzodiazepine is diazepam or alprazolam.

In some embodiments, the additional therapy is a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. In some embodiments, the NMDA receptor antagonist is ketamine. In some embodiments, the NMDA receptor antagonist is nitrous oxide.

In some embodiments, the additional therapy is an antidepressant. In some embodiments, an antidepressant indirectly affects a neurotransmitter receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at a neurotransmitter receptor. In some embodiments, an antidepressant is an agonist. In some embodiments, an antidepressant is an antagonist. In some embodiments, an antidepressant acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of neurotransmitter receptor. In some embodiments, an antidepressant is chosen from buproprion, citalopram, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, milnacipran, mirtazapine, paroxetine, reboxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine.

In some embodiments, the antidepressant is a tricyclic antidepressant (“TCA”), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (“SSRI”), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (“SNRI”), dopamine reuptake inhibitor (“DRI”), noradrenaline reuptake Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (“MAOI”), including inhibitor (“NRU”), dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (“DSNRI”), a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA), or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antidepressant is a TCA. In some embodiments, the TCA is imipramine or clomipramine. In some embodiments, the antidepressant is an SRI. In some embodiments, the SSRI is escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the SNRI is venlafaxine. In some embodiments, the additional therapy is pregabalin. In some embodiments, the compound of the present disclosure is administered in combination with a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA). Such a combination may be administered in the same dosage form or co-administered in separate dosage form. Such a combination may improve the bioavailability (e.g., oral bioavailability) of the compound of the present disclosure (e.g., DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) by minimizing enzymatic degradation mediated by MAO enzymes, such as deamination/oxidation processes. Examples of reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMAs) include, but are not limited to, moclobemide, tolaxatone, brofaromine, caroxazone, eprobemide, methylene blue, metralindole, minaprine, harmaline, harmine, rosiridin, amiflamine, cimoxatone, sercloremine, CX157, befloxatone, esuprone, tetrindole, 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT), α-methyl tryptamine (AMT), natural sources (e.g., syrian rue, tumeric, curcumin).

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic is an anticonvulsant. In some embodiments, the anticonvulsant is gabapentin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, lamotrigin, felbamate, topiramate, zonisamide, tiagabine, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, divalproex sodium, phenytoin, fosphenytoin. In some embodiments, the anticonvulsant is topiramate.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic is an antipsychotic. In some embodiments, the antipsychotic is a phenothiazine, butryophenone, thioxanthene, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, or sertindole, quetiapine, aripiprazole, zotepine, perospirone, a neurokinin-3 antagonist, such as osanetant and talnetant, rimonabant, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic is an anti-inflammatory drug. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory drug is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), steroid, acetaminophen (COX-3 inhibitors), 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, leukotriene receptor antagonist, leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor, angiotensin converting enzyme antagonist, beta blocker, antihistaminic, histamine 2 receptor antagonist, phosphodiesterase-4 antagonist, cytokine antagonist, CD44 antagonist, antineoplastic agent, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitor (statins), estrogen, androgen, antiplatelet agent, antidepressant, Helicobacter pylori inhibitors, proton pump inhibitor, thiazolidinedione, dual-action compounds, or combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic is an anti-anxiolytic. In some embodiments, an anxiolytic is chosen from alprazolam, an alpha blocker, an antihistamine, a barbiturate, a beta blocker, bromazepam, a carbamate, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, an opioid, oxazepam, temazepam, or triazolam.

In some embodiments, the additional therapy is an opioid antagonist. Non-limiting examples of opioid antagonists include naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene, nalorphine, nalrphine dinicotinate, levallrphan, samidorphan, nalodeine, alvimopan, methylnaltrexone, naloxegol, 6-naltrexol, axelopran, bevenopran, methylsamidorphan, naldemedine, buprenorphine, decozine, butorphanol, levorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine, and phenazocine.

In some embodiments, the additional therapy is a cardiovascular drug. Non-limiting examples of cardiovascular drugs include digoxin or (3β,5β,12β)-3-[(O-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-ribohexopyranosyl) oxy]-12,14-dihydroxy-card-20(22)-enolide, lisinopril, captopril, ramipril, trandolapril, benazepril, cilazapril, enalapril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, fludrocortisone, enalaprilate, quinapril, perindopril, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, heparin, rivaroxaban, warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, prasugrel, ticagrelor, azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartanscaubitril, acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propranolol, sotalol, amlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nisolidipine, verapamil, statins, nicotinic acids, diuretics, vasodilators, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the subject is administered at least one therapy. Non-limiting examples of therapies include transcranial magnetic stimulation, cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness techniques, or acceptance, commitment therapy, or combinations thereof.

For example, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of treating a subject with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising the step of administering to a subject an orally administered tablet composition, e.g., matrix composition, of the disclosure comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such that the subject is treated.

The administering physician can provide a method of treatment that is prophylactic or therapeutic by adjusting the amount and timing of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, administration on the basis of observations of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition being treated.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of continuous oral administration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, into a tablet, e.g., single-layer tablet, that provides a steady release of a therapeutically effective concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from an oral tablet over a complete release period without neurologically toxic spikes, e.g., no sedative or psychotomimetic toxic spikes in plasma concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to produce a tablet composition, e.g., single-layer tablet composition; and orally administering the tablet composition to a subject, such that a continuous therapeutically effective concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided to the subject.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the subject is a mammal.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the mammal is a human.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of formulating a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to ensure the steady release of a therapeutically effective concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from an oral tablet without neurologically toxic spikes, e.g., sedative or psychotomimetic toxic spikes, in plasma concentration of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises the step of combining (i) a water-insoluble neutrally charged non-ionic matrix; (ii) a polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups; and (iii) a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to produce an orally administered tablet composition, e.g., single-layer. In some embodiments, the method comprises the step of combining (i) polyethylene oxide (PEO), e.g., MW about 2,000 to about 7,000 KDa, with HPMC, and (ii) a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to produce an orally administered tablet composition, e.g., single-layer. In some embodiments, the method comprises the step of combining polyethylene oxide (PEO) with HPMC, and a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the tablet composition may further comprise polyethylene glycol (PEG), e.g., PEG 8K, a polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups, e.g., polyacrylic acid and/or may be further subjected to heating/annealing, e.g., extrusion conditions. In some embodiments, the formulations of the disclosure may be administered in combination with other active therapeutic agents, e.g., opioids to reduce pain. In some embodiments, the formulations of the disclosure serve to reduce the amount of opioids necessary to treat a patient.

In some embodiments, the formulations of the disclosure are not administered in combination with other active therapeutic agents.

In some embodiments, the formulations of the disclosure may be administered in combination with another formulation of tryptamine or derivatives thereof, e.g., a fast release formulation tryptamine or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of formulating a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to ensure the steady release of a therapeutically effective concentration of the a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from an oral tablet without sedative or psychotomimetic toxic spikes in plasma concentration of the a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The method comprises formulation of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an osmotic controlled release tablet. In these formulations the single core layer containing a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is surrounded by semi-permeable membrane with or without drug delivery orifice. In some embodiments, combination with the novel and inventive pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), of the disclosure and osmotic asymmetric-membrane technology or AMT (e.g., technology directed to a single-layer tablet coated with an insoluble, asymmetric microporous membrane produced by controlled phase separation) may be used to produce formulations useful in the methods and kits described herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Synthesis of PI-α,α-d₂

Synthesis of PI-α,α-d₂ started with 4-oxybenzylindole that is iminoformylated by formaldehyde/dimethylamine and then converted to the 3-acetic acid derivative using potassium cyanide in acidic conditions. Subsequent treatment with thionyl chloride and dimethylamine produces a related amide that is reduced by LiAlD₄, which inserts a deuteromethylene group in the α-position. In the final step, the —OBz protective group is removed by hydrogen gas over a palladium catalyst to produce a final compound. The structure of the product has been confirmed by ¹H NMR and LC-MS.

Example 2. Synthesis of DMT-d₁₀

Synthesis of DMT-d₁₀ started with indole that is first acylated by oxalyl chloride and then converted to the related amide by treatment with dimethyl amine-d₆. Subsequent reduction with LiAlD₄ leads to the final product. The structure of the material has been confirmed by ¹H NMR and LC-MS.

Example 3. Synthesis of 5-CD30-DMP-α,α,5,5,5-d₅

Synthesis of 5-CD₃O-DMP-α,α,5,5,5-d₅ has been conducted analogously to DMT-α,α-d₂ described in the Example 2 starting from 5-deuteromethoxy indole prepared by the methylation of 5-hydroxyindole using deuteromethyl iodide. The structure of the product has been confirmed by ¹H NMR and LC-MS.

Example 4. Synthesis of Aer-α,α,-d₂

Synthesis of Aer-α,α-d₂ has been conducted using an —OBz bis-deuterated tryptamine intermediate obtained as described in the Example 1. That material has been alkylated with methylamine and then reduced by hydrogen on palladium to obtain a final product as an iodide salt (Scheme 2). The structure of the product has been confirmed by ¹H NMR and LC-MS.

Example 5. 5-HT Receptor Pharmacodynamics

Binding affinity (Ki) and functional potency (EC₅₀) values of PI and PI-α-d₂ are summarized in Table 1. Deuteration was found to have little effect on the affinity and function at key receptor targets.

Receptor Affinity Assays: 5-HT_(1A), 5-HT_(2(A,B,C)) receptor affinities were determined by radioligand competition binding. Membranes from CHO-K1 or HEK293 cells expressing serotonergic receptors were collected and incubated in assay buffer with K_(d) concentrations of radioligands and tests compounds that compete for receptor binding sites. After equilibration, the reaction was terminated by collecting ligand-receptor-membrane complexes (Microbeta, PerkinElmer), and radioactivity was measured by a scintillation counter (Microbeta2, PerkinElmer). Data were fit to non-linear curves, and K_(i) values were calculated per the Cheng-Prusoff equation.

Receptor Function Assays: 5-HT_(1A) receptor-mediated Gi stimulation (reduction in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels) and 5-HT₂(A,B,C) receptor-mediated Gq stimulation (phosphoinositide hydrolysis leading to the production of inositol phosphate 1 (IP1))—canonical signaling pathways—were measured as previously described (Canal et al., 2013), for example, with a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) capable microplate reader (e.g., Mithras LB 940, Berthold) using commercially-available kits employing Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) technology (e.g., LANCE Ultra cAMP TR-FRET (PerkinElmer) and IP-One HTRF (Cisbio) kits). Briefly, CHO-K1 or HEK293 cells expressing serotonergic receptors were incubated with test compounds in stimulation buffer. After equilibration, the reaction was terminated with the donor and acceptor fluorescent conjugates in lysis buffer, and FRET was measured. Data were fit to non-linear curves to calculate potencies (e.g., EC₅₀) and efficacies (e.g., EMAX), relative to positive controls (e.g., serotonin).

TABLE 1 PI and PI-α,α-d₂ Affinities and Functions at Target Serotonin Receptors 5-HT_(1A) 5-HT_(2A) 5-HT_(2B) 5-HT_(2C) PI 567^(a) N.R. 107^(b) 45 5^(a) >20,000 140^(b) N.R. PI-α,α-d₂ 510^(a) 200 100^(b) 40 6^(a) >20,000 130^(b) 115 Pharmacodynamics of psilocin and deuteropsilocin at target serotonergic receptors suggest no significant changes in ligand-receptor interactions. Under each receptor, sub-columns report, in nM, K_(i) (agonist^(a)- or antagonist^(b)-labeled) and EC₅₀ (canonical signaling pathways) values, respectively, based on assessment at human receptors. PI data are PDSP certified or from Blough et al., 2014, Rickli et al., 2016, or Almaula et al., 1996. N.R. = not reported.

Example 6. In Vitro Liver Metabolism and Kinetic Deuterium Isotope Effects

5-MeO-DMT and 5-MeO-DMT-α,α-d₂ (10 μl of 2 μM solution) were incubated in 200 μl of medium that consisted of 100 mg rat liver microsomes, NADPH regenerating system (1 mM NADP, 1 unit/ml of isocitrate dehydrogenase, 5 mM isocitric acid, 5 mM magnesium chloride), and 25 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The reaction was terminated at different time points (0 to 60 min) by the addition of 300 μl of acetonitrile. For the analyses of products, the precipitated salts and proteins were spun out on a centrifuge, the residual solution diluted with 300 μl of water and injected into the LC/MS (Agilent 1200 system interfaced with an ABS Sciex 4000 QTRAP LC/MS/MS Mass Spectrometer). The metabolic stability was estimated by evaluating the rate of disappearance of the main parent peak. The observed collective kinetic deuterium isotope effect (the reaction rate decrease for deuterated vs. non-deuterated molecule) was substantial at 150-200%. Similar effects were observed in this assay for DMT vs. DMT-α,α-d₂ and DMT-α,α,β,β-d₄. Further enhancement of metabolic stability has been detected for DMT-d₁₀ that also showed a superiority in the MAO-A enzymatic assay highlighting additional deuteration effects of the —N(CD₃)₂ substituent.

TABLE 2 Results of the Determination of Metabolic Stability of Four Test Articles in the Presence of RLM % Remaining of Initial Half- CL_(int) Test 0 5 10 20 30 60 120 life (mL/min/ Article min min min min min min min (min) mg protein)^(a) DMT 100 65.2 52.2 41.0 33.2 17.4 4.07 18.2 0.0762 DMT-d₂ 100 67.5 56.6 48.8 43.3 32.0 21.5 37.0 0.0374 DMT-d₄ 100 70.7 59.6 51.8 46.3 34.2 23.7 42.1 0.0329 DMT-d₁₀ 100 72.5 62.2 55.2 50.9 39.6 29.4 55.6 0.0249 ^(a)Intrinsic clearance (CL_(int)) was calculated based on CL_(int) = k/P, where k is the elimination rate constant and P is the protein concentration in the incubation.

TABLE 3 Results of the Determination of Metabolic Stability of Four Test Articles in the Presence of hrMAO-A % Remaining of Initial Half- CL_(int) Test 0 5 10 20 30 60 120 life (mL/min/ Article min min min min min min min (min) mg protein)^(a) DMT 100 96.3 90.7 64.8 49.4 18.1 3.95 27.2 0.638 DMT-d₂ 100 106 111 101 97.5 76.0 59.1 >120 (137) 0.126 DMT-d₄ 100 106 111 102 98.2 77.4 61.4 >120 (145) 0.119 DMT-d₁₀ 100 107 112 103 101 82.2 68.6 >120 (180) 0.0953

TABLE 4 Results of the Determination of Metabolic Stability of d₈ and d₁₀ Analogs of DMT in the Presence of RLM % Remaining of Initial Half- CL_(int) Test 0 5 10 20 30 60 120 life (mL/min/ Article min min min min min min min (min) mg protein)^(a) DMT-d₈ 100 69.8 55.9 44.0 39.2 29.7 22.7 30.5 0.0454 DMT-d₁₀ 100 69.3 56.0 44.9 39.3 30.5 23.6 32.2 0.0430 Percent Ratio of 100 99.3 100.2 101.9 100.2 102.6 103.8 NA NA [d₁₀]/[d₈]

TABLE 5 Results of the Determination of Metabolic Stability of d₈ and d₁₀ Analogs of DMT in the Presence of hrMAO-A % Remaining of Initial Half- CL_(int) Test 0 5 10 20 30 60 120 life (mL/min/ Article min min min min min min min (min) mg protein)^(a) DMT-d₈ 100.0 99.1 94.9 95.1 91.2 80.3 63.9 >120 (196) 0.177 DMT-d₁₀ 100.0 99.0 94.9 95.4 91.4 81.5 65.8 >120 (210) 0.165 Percent Ratio of 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.4 100.2 101.6 102.9 NA NA [d₁₀]/[d₈]

Example 7. PK Studies in Rats and Mice

The key PK parameters (presented as a % change vs. non-deuterated materials) are presented in Table 3 to include half-life (T_(1/2)), area under the curve (AUC), bioavailability (F) and blood-to-plasma ration (BPR). Pharmacokinetics of the deuterated tryptamines was studied in rats. In a typical experiment, run as a cassette dosing, two groups of 5 Wistar female rats (200-250 g) with surgically inserted jugular vein catheter (Charles River, Andover, Mass.) were fasted for 12 h and then administered 5 mg/kg of the deuterated and 5 mg/kg of the related non-deuterated analog, by oral gavage or via a catheter for each group. At time points 0, 15, 30, 60 min, and 2, 4, 8, and 24 h, the resulting plasma was analyzed for the parent molecule using LC/MS spectroscopy. Two separate groups of 5 animals were used for determining blood-to-plasma ratio (BPR). Each group was sacrificed at time points 15 and 30 min, respectively, and the concentration of the parent drug was determined in the brain and plasma by LC/MS spectroscopy.

TABLE 6 Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects (% change) for the Key PK Parameters. BPR, BPR, Compound T_(1/2) AUC F 15 min 30 min PI-α-d₂ 50 75  45 100 150 5-MeO-DMT- 30 60 200 120 180 α,α-d₂

Example 8. In Vitro Enzymatic Assays

The metabolic consequences of selective deuteration of tryptamine-based compounds were ascertained in two in vitro assays, i.e., monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and rat liver microsomes (RLM). Rat liver microsomal assays are considered a good proxy of the in vivo liver metabolism controlling the metabolic fate of tryptamines. Similar outcomes of deuteration have been detected in the in vitro assay of different animal species including human liver microsomes.

Without being bound to any particular theory, it is hypothesized that the major metabolic degradation pathway involving tryptamines, especially the exocyclic side chain of tryptamines, is controlled by the MAO-A enzymes. Consequently, for certain molecules, it is believed that specific deuteration in the exocyclic moiety of tryptamines (like the N—CH₂ fragment) can make a significant impact on the overall metabolic kinetics, i.e., the significant slowing of enzymatic degradation of the tryptamine derivatives discussed herein. In these instances, increased metabolic stabilities in both MAO-A and RLM assays were observed relative to the base nondeuterated compounds. In absence of MAO-A metabolism, deuteration of the N—CH₂ group had no impact on the RLM digest kinetics. No metabolism of tryptamines by MAO-B enzyme was observed.

Test results are summarized in Table 7 that established a set of exemplary compounds suitable for selective deuteration of the N—CH₂ fragment and also provided additional information regarding selective deuteration in other parts of the molecules. Comparison between the compounds was made using a best-fit curve to calculate half-life, i.e., a time point where 50% of the compound is digested in the assay.

hrMAO-A (Lot #8213001) and the hrMAO control (Lot #1067001) were purchased from XenoTech. The reaction mixture was prepared as described below. The co-dosed TAs were added into the reaction mixture at a final concentration of 1 microM each. The positive control, kynuramine (25 microM), was run simultaneously with the TAs in a separate reaction. The reaction mixture (without TAs or kynuramine) was equilibrated in a shaking water bath at 37° C. for 5 minutes. The reaction was initiated by the addition of the TAs or kynuramine, and the mixture was incubated in a shaking water bath at 37° C. Aliquots (100 microL) of the TA reaction mixture were withdrawn at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Aliquots (100 microL) of the positive control reaction mixture were withdrawn at 0 and 30 minutes. TA and kynuramine samples were immediately combined with 100 microL of ice-cold 100% MeCN containing 0.1% formic acid and IS to terminate the reaction. The samples were then mixed and centrifuged to precipitate proteins. All TA samples were assayed by LC-HRAMS. The PARR (analyte to IS) at each time point was compared to the PARR at time 0 to determine the percent remaining at each time point. Reaction composition: hrMAO 0.02 mg/mL; Potassium Phosphate, pH 7.4 100 mM; Magnesium Chloride 5 mM; Test Articles (each) 1 microM.

Substrates were incubated in 200 μl of medium that consisted of 100 mg rat liver microsomes, NADPH regenerating system (1 mM NADP, 1 unit/ml of isocitrate dehydrogenase, 5 mM isocitric acid, 5 mM magnesium chloride), and 25 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The reaction was terminated at different time points (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 minutes) by the addition of 300 μl of acetonitrile. For the analyses of products, the precipitated salts and proteins were spun out on a centrifuge, the residual solution diluted with 300 μl of water and injected into the LC/MS (Agilent 1200 system interfaced with an ABS Sciex 4000 QTRAP LC/MS/MS Mass Spectrometer). The metabolic stability was estimated by evaluating the rate of disappearance of the main parent peak.

TABLE 7 Results of in vitro MAO-A and RLM assays MAO, RLM, R₈ R₉ R₂ R₄ R₅ R₆ R₇ X_(1, 2) Y_(1, 2) % % Nor-Tryptamines CH₃ H H H H H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ H H H H H H D, D D, D 622 189 CH₃ H H H H H H D, D H, H 578 182 CD₃ H H H H H H D, D D, D 711 214 CD₃ H H H H H H D, D H, H 744 207 C₂H₅ H H H H H H H, H H, H R R C₂H₅ H H H H H H D, D D, D 140 142 C₂H₅ H H H H H H D, D H, H 145 138 C₂D₅ H H H H H H D, D D, D 166 159 C₂D₅ H H H H H H D, D H, H 170 151 i-C₃H₇ H H H H H H H, H H, H NR R i-C₃H₇ H H H H H H D, D D, D NR [106] i-C₃H₇ D D D D D D H, H H, H NR 145 Allyl H H H H H H H, H H, H NR R 4-OH-Nor-Tryptamines CH₃ H H OH H H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ H H OH H H H D, D D, D 396 160 CH₃ H H OH H H H D, D H, H 395 154 CD₃ H H OH H H H D, D D, D 459 173 CD₃ H H OH H H H D, D H, H 466 163 C₂H₅ H H OH H H H H, H H, H NR R C₂H₅ H H OH H H H D, D D, D NR  [94] C₂D₅ H H OH H H H D, D D, D NR  [93] C₂H₅ D D OH D H H H, H H, H NR R i-C₃H₇ H H OH H H H H, H H, H NR R i-C₃H₇ H H OH H H H D, D D, D NR [108] i-C₃H₇ D D OH D D D H, H H, H NR 131 N,N-Dialkyl Tryptamines CH₃ C₂H₅ H H H H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ C₂H₅ H H H H H D, D D, D 162 131 CH₃ C₂H₅ H H H H H D, D H, H 168 121 C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H H H H H H, H H, H NR R C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H H H H H D, D D, D NR [105] Allyl Allyl H H H H H H, H H, H NR R Allyl Allyl H H H H H D, D D, D NR [106] i-C₃H₇ i-C₃H₇ H OH H H H H, H H, H NR R i-C₃H₇ i-C₃H₇ H OH H H H D, D D, D NR  [97] i-C₃H₇ i-C₃H₇ D OH D D D H, H H, H NR 167 4-OMe Tryptamines CH₃ CH₃ H OCH₃ H H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ CH3 H OCH₃ H H H D, D D, D 325 190 CH₃ CH3 H OCH₃ H H H D, D H, H 335 185 CH₃ C₂H₅ H OCH₃ H H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ C₂H₅ H OCH₃ H H H D, D H, H 281 163 CH₃ C₂H₅ H OCH₃ H H H D, D D, D 291 161 C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H OCH₃ H H H H, H H, H NR R 5-OH Tryptamines CH₃ CH₃ H H OH H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ CH₃ H H OH H H D, D D, D 418 136 CH₃ CH₃ H H OH H H D, D H, H 415 133 CH₃ C₂H₅ H H OH H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ C₂H₅ H H OH H H D, D H, H 173 132 CH₃ C₂H₅ H H OH H H D, D D, D 179 144 C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H H OH H H H, H H, H NR R C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H H OH H H D, D D, D NR [106] 5-OMe Tryptamines CH₃ CH₃ H H OCH₃ H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ CH3 H H OCH₃ H H D, D H, H 227 185 CH₃ CH3 H H OCH₃ H H D, D D, D 229 184 CH₃ C₂H₅ H H OCH₃ H H H, H H, H R R CH₃ C₂H₅ H H OCH₃ H H D, D D, D 132 115 CH₃ C₂H₅ H H OCH₃ H H D, D H, H 126 117 C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H H OCH₃ H H H, H H, H NR R C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H H OCH₃ H H D, D D, D NR  [95] C₂H₅ C₂H₅ D D OCH₃ D D H, H H, H NR 172 CD₃ CD₃ H H OCD₃ H H D, D D, D 372 299 CD₃ CD₃ H H OCD₃ H H D, D H, H 366 288 CH₃ CH₃ H H OCD₃ H H H, H H, H [109] 151 DMT CH₃ CH₃ D D D D D H, H H, H [103] [106] CH₃ CH₃ D D D D D D, D D, D 551 243 CD₃ CD₃ D D D D D D, D D, D 643 325 half-life differentiation in metabolic assays presented as % vs. the related nondeuterated compounds R means substantially metabolized NR means not metabolized at the last assay time point (120 min) the values in square brackets are within 10% difference (assay's accuracy), indicative of no deuteration effect on metabolism

As can be seen in Table 7, there is MAO-A metabolic activity for tryptamine-based substrates having N-Me and N-Et substituents, as well as the asymmetrically substituted like the N,N-Me,Et substituents, whereas no MAO-A metabolic activity was observed for a tryptamine-based substrate having a N,N-Et moiety. Consequently, tryptamine-based substrates with N,N-Et and higher alkyl chains, e.g., i-Pr and allyl, deuteration in the —N—CH₂—CH₂ and N—R₈, R₉ fragments had no metabolic consequences observed in both MAO-A and RLM assays. Tetra-deuteration of the ethylene bridge or selective bis-deuteration at the alpha carbon stabilized the substrates against MAO-A action compared to the metabolic activity for their base nondeuterated substrates, i.e., slowed down enzymatic degradation. Deuteration at the N—R₈, R₉ fragment further stabilized the substrates against MAO-A action as seen in Table 7. Per-deuterated DMT-d₁₅, with additional deuteration in the phenyl ring provided no improvement in half-life compared to DMT-d₁₀ selectively deuterated at the exocyclic moiety observed in the RLM assay. However, it is observed that phenyl ring deuteration plays a role in slowing down RLM metabolism of the tryptamines that have no MAO-A metabolism. Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that there is a contribution to metabolism of tryptamine-based substrates from enzymes other than MAO like CYP isoforms to generate ring-hydroxylated metabolites. Involvement of the CYP enzymes is also believed to be involved in slowed RLM metabolism of the —OMe deuterated vs. non-deuterated 5-OMe substituted tryptamines.

All patents, patent applications, and other scientific or technical writings referred to anywhere herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. The embodiments illustratively described herein suitably can be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations that are specifically or not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” and “consisting of” can be replaced with either of the other two terms, while retaining their ordinary meanings. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the claims. Thus, it should be understood that although the present methods and compositions have been specifically disclosed by embodiments and optional features, modifications and variations of the concepts herein disclosed can be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the compositions and methods as defined by the description and the appended claims.

Any single term, single element, single phrase, group of terms, group of phrases, or group of elements described herein can each be specifically excluded from the claims.

Whenever a range is given in the specification, for example, a temperature range, a time range, a composition, or concentration range, all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended to be included in the disclosure. It will be understood that any subranges or individual values in a range or subrange that are included in the description herein can be excluded from the aspects herein. It will be understood that any elements or steps that are included in the description herein can be excluded from the claimed compositions or methods.

In addition, where features or aspects of the compositions and methods are described in terms of Markush groups or other grouping of alternatives, those skilled in the art will recognize that the compositions and methods are also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group or other group.

Accordingly, the preceding merely illustrates the principles of the methods and compositions. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the disclosure and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the disclosure as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. The scope of the present disclosure, therefore, is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein.

Rather, the scope and spirit of present disclosure is embodied by the following. 

1. (canceled)
 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (III-c)

or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, and R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for subcutaneous administration. 3-4. (canceled)
 5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a polymer and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, and wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for subcutaneous administration.
 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (III-t)

or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, and R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for subcutaneous administration.
 7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound

wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for subcutaneous administration.
 8. (canceled)
 9. A method of treating one or more diseases or conditions, comprising administering to a patient or subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (III-c)

or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, and R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the patient or subject subcutaneously. 10-11. (canceled)
 12. A method of treating one or more diseases or conditions, comprising administering to a patient or subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, and wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the patient or subject subcutaneously.
 13. A method of treating one or more diseases or conditions, comprising administering to a patient or subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (III-t)

or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₂ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted allyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, R₆ and R₇ are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen, R₈ is an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, and R₉ is hydrogen, deuterium, or an unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the patient or subject subcutaneously.
 14. A method of treating one or more diseases or conditions, comprising administering to a patient or subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound

wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the patient or subject subcutaneously.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more diseases or conditions are associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.
 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more diseases or conditions are selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain, neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme Disease, obesity, autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders, pulmonary disorders and cardiovascular disorders.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more diseases or conditions are associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more diseases or conditions are selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain, neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme Disease, obesity, autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders, pulmonary disorders and cardiovascular disorders.
 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more diseases or conditions are associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.
 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more diseases or conditions are selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain, neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme Disease, obesity, autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders, pulmonary disorders and cardiovascular disorders.
 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more diseases or conditions are associated with a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor.
 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more diseases or conditions are selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain, neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset fluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme Disease, obesity, autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders, pulmonary disorders and cardiovascular disorders. 